Sustainability Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Sample Essay Example For Students

Sustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Sample Essay When doing concern determinations that impact the environment. there are frequently hazards and issues that affect an organisation. It is of import to place those issues and hazards to advance sustainability. Stakeholders have concerns about different facets of the environment and how organisations should react to them through schemes and how they operate. A positive ethical civilization can be created when a concern shows concern for the environment. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) â€Å"corporate societal duty public presentation has been found to increase employee’s company designation and commitment† ( p. A-2 ) . Essential Facts We will write a custom essay on Sustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A major issue in the 21st century is the protection of our natural resources such as air. H2O. land. biodiversity. and renewable natural resources. Governments around the universe have responded to force per unit areas put on the sustainability of these resources by environmental protection Torahs. Companies have been progressively integrating these issues into their concern schemes to non merely cut down their ain environmental impact. but to make a repute as eco-responsible companies. Issues Raised Air pollution can harm animate beings. workss and organic structures of H2O. There is a significant sum of pollution that comes from semisynthetic beginnings such as from mills. autos. planes and trains that have an consequence on the quality of air we breathe. These conditions can cut down life spans and do chronic respiratory issues in animate beings and worlds. Some of the chemicals that are associated with air pollution have been known to lend to deliver defects. malignant neoplastic disease and other amendss to the human organic structure. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) pollution can â€Å"also cause haze. which can cut down visibleness and interfere with traveling† ( p. A-2 ) . Global heating is believed by scientists to be accelerated by the concentrations of green house gases like methane and C dioxide in the ambiance. Burning of fossil fuels?gasoline. oil. natural gas and coal. has increased the concentrations of these nursery gases into the am biance. Water pollution affects one million millions of people every bit good as other animate beings and works life. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å"water pollution is one of the biggest subscribers to illness in developing countries† ( p. A-3 ) . The chemicals that are found in common fertilisers and pesticides can run out into H2O supplies after a rainfall. Pollutants can come from a broad assortment of beginnings including from C emanations from autos that are absorbed into the ocean. Dumping of waste into our watercourses. rivers and oceans. every bit good as oil spills. industrial waste. and more contribute to the issue of H2O pollution. Water measure is besides a concern by many people due to the usage addition over the last two decennaries. Water is non merely needed to imbibe. it is besides used for harvests that feed us all. With less H2O available. nutrient harvests will non be as available. and concerns may endure because of it. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å"one of the biggest factors in land pollution is the dumping of waste into landfills. † and landfills that are left untreated can take 1. 000 old ages to degrade. The U. S. entirely has up to 40. 000 abandoned landfills filled with plastics and other points like electronic waste that can let go of harmful toxins into the air and H2O ( p. A-4 ) . Deforestation is been on the rise because of the roar in bio-fuels. Trees are being cut down to do room for palm oil plantations or for raising sugar cane. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) â€Å"the net incomes from deforestation for husbandmans are normally ephemeral as rainforest dirt is of hapless quality. This prompts low-income husbandmans to destruct more forest to eke out a living† ( p. A-4 ) . After World War II edifice roar. urban conurbation began. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å" As the topographic points where people live. work. and store grew farther apart. peoples began passing more clip in cars driving greater distances† ( p. A-5 ) . This has non merely contributed to devour wildlife home grounds. wetlands. and farming area. it has besides contributed to air. H2O. and land pollution. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) say that â€Å"deforestation. pollution. development. and urban conurbations have put increasing force per unit area on wildlife. workss and their habitats† ( p. A-5 ) . Many workss and animate beings have already become nonextant. and th ere are 1000s more threatened. Experts fear that the overexploitation of natural resources will do ruinous instabilities in the environment. Harmonizing to Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) â€Å"each biological species plays a alone function in its ecosystem and is portion of a complex concatenation of events. the loss of any one of them may endanger the full ecosystem† ( p. A-5 ) . Analysis of Decision / Final Consequence .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .postImageUrl , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:hover , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:visited , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:active { border:0!important; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:active , .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654 .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae904cbcae8cd4c4d5e55f30877eb654:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb EssayThere are several options to fossil fuels that can cut down pollutions and better the environment. Wind power. geothermic power. solar power. atomic power. bio-fuels and hydropower to call a few. Many organisations are larning that to be environmentally friendly and sustainable has many benefits? including stakeholder good will and money nest eggs from being more efficient and less uneconomical. There have been surveies that suggest that bettering a company’s environmental public presentation can increase grosss and cut down costs. Poor environmental direction has been recognized by Bankss who grant loans to be an increased hazard. Workers besides c are about the impact that their companies have on the environment. Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2011 ) province â€Å"that reacting to stakeholders’ concerns about environmental issues will both better relationships with stakeholders and do the universe a better place† ( p. A-13 ) . Textbook Questions 1. The chief issue associating to sustainability in our society is the deficiency of ordinance globally in respects to pollution and waste direction. 2. I believe that solar power is the feasible beginning of alternate energy because it is 100 % renewable and can be stored in batteries. 3. I do non believe it is acceptable for companies to overstate environmental claims to sell merchandises. In making so it is non ethical. It is the same as stating portion of the truth. I believe companies should be held to high criterions and held accountable to them. Mentions Ferrell. O. C. . Fraedrich. J. . A ; Ferrell. L. ( 2011 ) . Business moralss: Ethical determination devising and instances. ( 9th erectile dysfunction. . Vol. erectile dysfunction. ) . Mason. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

To Kill Mockingbird essays

To Kill Mockingbird essays One theme of the novel To Kill A Mockingbird is the transition from innocence to experience. At the beginning of the story To Kill A Mockingbird Scouts world is limited to the boundaries of immediate neighborhood. She feels safe and secure, and totally confident that the way things are done in her home is not just the right way, but also the only way. The arrival of Dill, who comes from a broken home and has lived in another state, gives Scout her first hint of a variety of many experiences beyond her narrow horizons. Then, Scouts first day of school in Maycomb is not necessarily correct. She also learns that sometimes it is necessary to compromise in order to get along. Even though Scouts teachers ideas about how to teach reading may be wrong, Scout must respect her teachers authority. Her own father advises her to ignore the teachers ban on reading at home, but to pretend to go along with the teachers methods in the classroom. This kind of social hypocrisy is new to Scout, and sh e is surprised to hear her very own moral father Atticus advocating it. As the story progresses, Scout encounters other numerous examples of the complexity of human motivation. Sometimes characters that do evil things, such as Mayella Ewell, are nevertheless more pitiful than hateful. On the other hand, it is possible for some individuals to do the right thing for quite unexpected reasons. Mr. Underwood does not like blacks and is a mean-spirited person in general, yet he alone helps Atticus during the quarrel at the jail. By the final chapters of the novel, Scout has learned that good and justice do not necessarily triumph every time. Harmless individuals such as Tom Robinson and Boo Radley can become victims through no fault of their own. Sometimes the system can do nothing to defend them. In one of the final scenes of the story, the sheriff puts compassion ahead of the letter of the law so th...

Understanding markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Understanding markets - Essay Example Using different methods, Marketing determines the size of the market that is being approached but this has to be a controlled exercise otherwise the effort will be aimless. Marketing is a highly misunderstood word. It is not tactics or methods of getting customers to buy a company’s product or services. That is advertisement or promotions. It is a conscious effort to analyze and understand what is needed and trying to fulfill this need. But above all, Marketing is all about customers. Their behavior and attitude towards buying a product is of paramount importance. Their needs and wants and their likes and dislikes are decisive factors and purchase decisions depend on these issues. It is the understanding of these factors that will develop a marketing strategy. Therefore Marketing is all about understanding the customers and of finding ways and means to for providing product or service as per his requirements. â€Å"Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders†. (AMA). This comprehensively calls for Market segmentation and results in two way satisfaction of both customer and the stakeholder. Markets are heterogeneous and are created by reasons of different values, needs wants, constraints, beliefs and incentives. Customers differ in their values and perceptions and want to purchase things that have value for them. Value is not just the monetary part, but also the usefulness and emotions that with go with it. The need and want play a great role in determining this value. The price actually determines the location from which this purchase will be made. Service and reliability are other important determining factors. Therefore a market segment is a set of customers that have a common approach to above questions and have a common desire to purchase a common set of goods and or services.

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone Essay - 1

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone - Essay Example Both assertions are legitimate and are present in an unavoidable tension. Another probability is to interpret the play as a mere justification of Antigone over Creon, as an absolution of the individual’s appreciation of right and wrong over the assertions of the state and nothing more. In the story Antigone, the literary style of tragedy is accentuated by the arrangement of the events from order to chaos. The two central characters in the story were the tragic heroine Antigone and pragmatic but weary ruler Creon. Both Antigone and Creon primarily played significant roles in the story; yet, the former one was the character who brought about relevant changes in the kingdom through her insistence of personal desire. The death of Antigone became the glaring signal of the sudden demise of the central characters of the story such as Haemon, the fiancà © of Antigone, and Eurydice, the knitting wife of Creon. The suicides of Haemon and Eurydice were the last punishment bestowed upon Creon. Antigone was a headstrong and unruly heroine at first but then after her failure to bury his brother’s body, Polynices who died in the battle for the throne, she underwent an internal change that is manifested in her utter rejection of the desire to live longer and happily with her love Haemon. She courageously accepted the punishment of execution for her acts which consequently symbolized her solitary combat against state power. In her bold decision not to cede to Creon, Antigone’s beauty as a tragic heroine surfaced in the crucial moments of her hopelessness and misery. Ismene, her physically enticing sister, admitted that Antigone is beautiful in way that doesn’t please the eyes but in an unsettling, frightening and remarkable way. The activities of Antigone in the story resultantly affected the fate of the other characters. Creon, on the other hand, failed in his

Womens History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Womens History - Essay Example Constitution was ratified by the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. Formation of one group in 1890, National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), Stanton being the president and the vice-president being Anthony was an effective strategy and vital policy to gain suffrage. The nonviolent approach was the suffragist’s logical strategy since Quakers and pacifists like Alice Paul, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony who was its prominent leaders encouraged peaceful resistance in order to be equal with men. Another strategy that was used by the Suffrage Movement to outwit opponents was the involvement of professionals who had proved to be enormously competent, politically important, widely respected and highly influential like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Carrie Chapman Catt, Harriet Stanton Blatch, and Alice Paul. Vigorous campaigning was another major input which gave the movement victory in the long run after over 72 years of campaigni ng and pooling of resources to fund it. The campaigns were filled with commitment, intrigue, dedication, and frustration. Millions of dollars were pooled as hundreds gave such aid wherever and whenever they could together with constant interest. Hundreds of women gave possibilities of an entire lifetime. Enlisting of new members also proved to be above par policy and strategy in order to popularize the movement. The inclusion of men was another strategy as men had vital roles in casting votes that could only be cast by men. The 19th Amendment was approved by virtually all-male Senate and House and ratified by 36 all-male, virtually, legislatures.Though the movement fought for the women’s rights, it is regarded in some quarters as a cause that was inconsequential worth neither of respect nor attention.  

Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in Pediatrics

Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in Pediatrics Disha Patel The Utilization of Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in the Pediatric Field Abstract As a widely used excipient in pediatric formulations, propylene glycol functions as a solvent, emulsifier, humectant, and hygroscopic agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid whose properties enable it to have pharmacodynamic applications. Oftentimes, propylene glycol is combined with other mediations to enhance its penetration. For instance, a combination of 20% propylene glycol and 5% lactic acid in a semiocculusive cream base is used as a highly effective and well-tolerated keratolytic in patients with lamellar ichthyosis and possibly could be in various other hyperkeratotic diseases. Unfortunately, though to a lesser degree, this excipient is associated with toxic effects such as hyperosmolality, hemolysis, and lactic acidosis. Also, in concentrations greater than 10%, propylene glycol may act as an irritant in some patients (Health Effects 2). From a pharmacokinetic viewpoint, there is a potential of renal toxicity associated with propylene glycol and lorazepam. The high concentra tion of propylene glycol contained in certain intravenous drug products, such as phenytoin, diazepam, digoxin, and etomidate, may induce thrombophlebitis. Here, the patients increased serum creatinine concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to propylene glycol due to lorazepam infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for propylene glycol toxicity. Much like the above mentioned applications, through its chemical composition, propylene glycol has the ability to exert a beneficial effect on pediatric formulations (Webbook 5). Introduction Propylene glycol, which is also known Propane-1,2-diol, is a colorless, viscous, organic liquid with a slightly sweet taste. This excipient is utilized in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations. Examples of pharmaceutical applications include therapeutic drugs such as vaccines, cough syrups, local anesthetics, antiseptics, vitamins, and hormones. It is produced through the fermentation of yeast and carbohydrates. Propylene glycol is industrially made from propylene oxide. It is made from either a catalytic or a non-catalytic method which exposes the propylene into extremes of temperature and a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali to yield propylene glycol for industrial purposes (Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol 1). It is concluded that, with extensive research, this excipient is categorized as safe in the body. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, in the body, under conditions of normal low exposure, propylene glycol is quickly metabolized and excreted. Its metabolic pathway is comparable to that of sugar: propylene glycol is quickly converted into lactic acid, similar to what happens with the energy in the muscles when exercising. Afterwards, the lactic acid is excreted via urine (Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews 2). Surprisingly, from a toxicological point of view, alcohol is more toxic than propylene glycol. Propylene glycol has been used safely for more than 50 years in a large variety of applications. As a result, it is effectively used in prescription medications such amoxicillin (500 mg), clindamycin hydrochloride (150 mg 300 mg), gabapentin (300 mg), lyrica (50 g 75 mg), and omeprazole (20 mg) (Result Filters 4). Through statistical data, it is overwhelmingly evident that there is a continually growing market for propylene glycol. According to the IHS website, United States (19%), Western Europe (39%), Japan (17%), and China (80%) had the largest consumption (Inactive Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products 5). Since it has been proven safe with a relative low toxicity level, it is projected that the consumption of propylene glycol will rise (IHS Home Page 4). The Effects of Propylene Glycol in Pediatrics Pharmaceutical medications are composed of two very essential ingredients: active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. The purpose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a drug is to elicit a specific therapeutic effect on the patient. Specifically, when the drug is consumed, it will exert a necessary effect on the body in order to produce an ideal outcome: the therapeutic response (TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL 3). The component of the drug is the excipient, which is an inactive ingredient utilized for possible multifunctional usage. For instance, an excipient can be binders, coatings, diluents, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, colors, lubricants, glidants, sorbents, preservatives, sweeteners, and solubilizing agents. Oftentimes, they do acquire some extent of therapeutic acclivity, though less than the API. Similar to many other drugs, propylene glycol functions both, as an API and excipient-an indication that multiple functions can have multiple benef its (AccessMedicine [41168448] 2). Additionally, medications are tailored to a specific age group to maximize the therapeutic effect for the patient. Therefore, criteria for an ideal drug for the pediatric population will undoubtedly differ from the criteria for the geriatric population. Routes of administration suitable for pediatrics include oral, topical, rectal, inhalation, injectable and drop (eye, ear, and nose). Propylene glycol enters the body as an alcohol and metabolizes in the bodys enzyme pathways. These pathways do not mature in humans until 12 to 30 months of age. Proper judgment when administering a propylene glycol-based formulation to neonates is crucial in order to prevent potential complications (PubChem 1). In comparison to adults, new born babies have a propylene glycol half-life of 16.9 hours rather than a significantly lower 5 hour half-life for adults. In one study, the use a multivitamins whose contents included propylene glycol resulted in serum osmolality in low-birth-weight premature babies. However, in another research activity, phenobarbital injections containing propylene glycol were deemed to have an inconsequential effect on the osmolar gap (AccessMedicine [40400741] 4). A higher amount of propylene glycol delivered per dose, such as 3 grams, is known to cause more seizures in infants, in comparison to those receiving lesser amounts per dose, such as 300 mg. In a population of 262 patients treated for burns, roughly 3 percent were the result of topical propylene glycol which resulted in hyperosmolality (Potential Safety Concerns with the Large Amount of Propylene Glycol 2). Since propylene glycol is a liquid excipient, it affects the gastrointestinal tract. However, studies of people and animals show that if you have repeated eye, skin, nasal, or oral exposures to propylene glycol for a short time, you may develop some irritation. Furthermore, extensive studies performed have concluded that there are no severe risks of propylene glycol in infants. Thus, it is assumed to be safe if consumed in moderation. The oral liquid formulation also illustrates a high compliance rate amongst infants. Simple considerations such as route of administration and effective concentrations can help achieve a therapeutic response (AccessMedicine [40400741] 6). The chemical composition of propylene glycol is relatively simple: alcohol groups with a hydrocarbon backbone. To an extent, this simplistic structure plays a broad role in various applications ranging from industrial to pharmaceutical uses. Generally, neonates can be exposed to propylene glycol orally or topically. Absorption through oral intake is significantly more effective than on the skin. Once propylene glycol reaches the site of action, it is rapidly metabolized and subsequently excreted (A-Z Index 9). In the blood stream, the half-life of the excipient is approximately 2-4 hours in adults. However, in neonates, it is drastically longer (17 hours). Pertaining to its mechanism of action, it is further metabolized to lactate which is further metabolized to pyruvate, carbon dioxide, and water. Through utilization of the gluconeogenic pathway, glucose is formed. Even though the safety the propylene is apparent, extremely large exposures to propylene glycol have the potential to r esult in lactic acidosis and hyperosmotic changes in the blood (Health Effects 4). Extensive research has provided sufficient evidence on the safety and quality of this excipient. To begin, numerous sources indicate that propylene glycol has a dramatically low degree of toxicity. It is associated with moderately low concern for acute toxicity by ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation. There have been reports of altered nervous system function because of high oral exposure to propylene. Normal metabolism of this excipient can be negatively affected through blood pH and osmotic changes. Furthermore, animal studies also confirm the relative low risk of propylene glycol (Webbook 2). For example, a longitudinal study performed on rodents with extremely high exposures to the excipient presented no indication of adverse effects. Consequently, a similar study performed on cats illustrated hematological changes. High aerosol concentrations inhaled by rats caused minor nasal and ocular signs that may have been due to mild irritation or drying effects of propylene glycol on mucous membranes. On a positive note, there is no correlation to cancer from the use of propylene glycol (AccessMedicine [45774923] 1). Pharmacological Profile of Propylene Glycol Propylene glycol, with a formula C3H8O2, is readily miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. In reference to its structure, it contains an asymmetrical carbon atom, so it has two enantiomers. Since the commercial product is a racemic mixture, pure optical enantiomers can be achieved by the hydration of optically pure propylene oxide. Upon the mixture of propylene glycol and water, the freezing point of water is drastically depressed. Because of this, it is used as a de-icing fluid for vehicles. With the exception of ethylene glycol, glycols are generally known to be non-corrosive and have low volatility and toxicity. Even with the strict criteria established for pediatrics, propylene glycol satisfies the requirements for safe administration to pediatric patients (A-Z Index 5). Furthermore, it is derived from propylene oxide and its production methods include either catalytic- proceeds at 150  °C to 180  °C in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali, or non-catalytic- high-temperature process at 200  °C to 220  °C (IHS Home Page 3). Even though this paper focuses mainly on propylene glycol’s purpose as an excipient in pediatric formulations, it has an overwhelmingly degree of other applications. A certain amount (45%) is used as chemical feedback for the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins. Chemically speaking, propylene glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. Continuing further crosslinking, thermoset plastics are produced from the unsaturated polymers. Similarly, propylene glycol also reacts with propylene oxide to produce oligomers as well as polymers that are utilized to form polyurethanes (Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol 2). As proven be multiple research articles, this excipient is proven safe. The extent of safety is measured by plasma concentration: â€Å"Serious toxicity generally occurs only at plasma concentrations over 1 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time.† However, there is always an uncertainty and accidental occurrences. For instance, rare cases of propylene glycol poison were largely related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of enormously large quantities by children (Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet 9). Conclusion As proven through this research paper, propylene glycol is an effective ingredient for pediatric use. Since there was no established linkage between cancer and its use, it is popular for multiple uses. Several considerations should be utilized in formulating pediatric medications-specifically, the ingredients in the formulation. With its multiple uses, propylene glycol is well-suited for children for its safety and effectiveness. Like all ingredients, propylene glycol may produce adverse effects in the patient, but drastically less harmful than others. Since an enormous quantity must be consumed before toxicity level is reached, it is well suited for children. With viscous properties, upon consumption, it has the potential to elicit a faster therapeutic effect on the patient. Therefore, it is both potent and efficacious. In all, this ingredient proves to be a significant element to the overall formulation of a medication, regardless of the age group targeted (Webbook 5). Bibliography A-Z Index. ATSDR. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1120tid=240>. Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews. AccessData. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListingid=262>. Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.propylene-glycol.com/uploads/PropyleneGlycolAdvocacybrochure.pdf>. Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/3595.pdf>. Health Effects. ATSDR. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp189-c2.pdf>. InactiveIngredients in Pharmaceutical Products: Update (Subject Review). Peditrics. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/2/268.full#sec-11>. Potential Safety Concerns with the Large Amount of Propylene Glycol. Natap. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.natap.org/2000/may/potential_safety051500.htm>. Propylene Glycol. PubChem. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1030>. Propylene Glycol. Webbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C57556Mask=8>. Propylene Glycols. IHS Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/propylene-glycols.aspx>. Result Filters. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14524641>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=348sectionid=40381672jumpsectionID=40400741>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=388sectionid=45764289jumpsectionID=45774923>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=392sectionid=41138958jumpsectionID=41168448>. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp189.pdf>.

Charles Franklin Kettering :: essays research papers

Charles Franklin Kettering Charles F. Kettering : Doing the right thing at the right time By Richard P. Scharchburg, Thompson Professor of Industrial History The Man... Charles Franklin Kettering was born on a farm near Loundonville, Ohio, August 29, 1876. After graduation from high school, he accepted a teaching position in a one-room rural school. Although highly successful as a teacher, his mind was set on going to college. In the summer of 1896, he entered the College of Wooster (Ohio). As a result of long and intense hours of study, his eyesight deteriorated to the point that he was forced to leave college and return to teaching. In 1898, he entered the engineering school at Ohio State, but again his poor eyesight forced him to drop out during his freshman year. For the next two years he worked on a telephone line crew, and then once again entered Ohio State, finally completing his electrical engineering degree in 1904. After graduation, Kettering took a job in the inventions department at the National Cash Register Company (NCR) in Dayton, Ohio. There he developed an electric motor for cash registers, the OK Charge Phone for department stores and several other contributions to a revolution then taking place in business machines. In 1909, Kettering and Edward A. Deeds, his associate at NCR, formed their own industrial research laboratory, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (later known as DELCO). Within three years, they had produced a new all-electric starting, ignition and lighting system for automobiles. The system first appeared as standard equipment on the 1912 Cadillac and as its use spread, women could conveniently become drivers without the assistance of a chauffeur. DELCO was eventually sold to General Motors and became the foundation for the General Motors Research Corporation of which Kettering became vice president in 1920. The list of innovations and inventions that are credited to Charles F. (nicknamed "Boss") Kettering is impressive. His book of patents contains more than 300 separate applications that range from a portable lighting system for farms to coolants for refrigerators and air conditioners. Other patents included a World War I "aerial torpedo," a device for the treatment of venereal disease, and an incubator for premature infants. Duco paint and Ethyl gasoline were also his ideas and he was instrumental in their development.

A Trip to Italy

Ashley Hicks Hendren ENG 101 Essay 1 A Trip to Italy Vacation and travel is a phenomenon which strikes a chord with nearly every human being on the planet. While true, there are many without the means to engage in such activity, there is little doubt that the primal urge to escape one's everyday surroundings strikes all but the most reclusive of people. There are many different locales to which one may escape, as well as a large variety of reasons for traveling.Be it sandy beaches, or snowy mountains, for family recreation or for spiritual soul-searching. . . a long vacation tends to be good for the mind. Among the thousands upon thousands of vacation hotspots spread out across the planet, one of the most popular locales is Italy. The country stands proud as one of the most visited places on Earth because there are a large variety of activities one can partake in, as well as a multitude of places to visit amongst the country's varied landscape.For the humble traveler, a trip to Italy would serve as one of the most memorable and luscious experiences they would ever partake in. Italy is a beautiful country with many reasons why one would travel there, from local cuisine, to a breadth of landmarks detailing the country's long and interesting history, and a storied culture revolving around family values. Italy is a magnificent vacation area full of excitement and enticing opportunities.From Florence to Venice, food and dining is an integral and cultured part of Italy's background, and something which any would-be tourist must experience. True Italian food carries with it a large range of emotions which impact the consumer long before it even touches one's taste buds. Walking down the winding, cobblestone streets, or perhaps even sinking down into a gondola during a romantic evening floating through the calming canals, the sights and smells of Italy's cuisine are impossible to escape.As smoke and steam bellow out from the various diners, small or large, the sizzling sounds of lean fish with the whitest of meat, and highly-seasoned potatoes dazzle the ears. Upon finding a seat in one of the various beautiful dining destinations scattered across the country, one is sure to be struck by the pure joviality of the eating environment. Much like France, the eating habits in Italy stretch well beyond the need to survive, or the cravings endure for certain tastes. Eating in Italy is as much a cultural pastime as playing baseball in the United States of America.As the smooth texture of Italy's various famed pasta dishes lay upon one's tongue, they are engaging in not just a country's dish, but its lifestyle and culture as well. Once a visitor has had their fill of Italy's expertly crafted meals, they can begin the process of true cultural immersion by visiting and learning the history of Italy's landmarks. With its mythology and culture stemming from Greece, Italy was once upon a time one of the greatest powers on the planet due to the Roman Empire.Exam ining the towering heights of the Roman Colosseum or the Parthenon is breathtaking in every sense of the word. The amount of effort and time it must have taken the Roman society to build their landmarks is staggering to consider. With even just the slightest amount of imagination, its easy to picture one of the many genius' from the Renaissance slaving away in their workshop, such as the mathematical and architectural pathfinder known as Brunelleschi, or the phenomenal creative genius of Leonardo DaVinci.Recalling the various figures and places from Italian history isn't dismissive of the fact that they are separated by time, but rather it calls to mind the fact that the beautiful tourist destinations that one can experience while visiting the country are the products of centuries, upon centuries of history. Yet, there is much to take away from a trip to Italy, beyond the ideas of delicious foods, wondrous landscapes, and Ferraris. The culture of Italy is something which could easil y stick within ones mind well after they have left.Perhaps the most striking cultural aspect of Italian everyday-life is the central role of family and familial values. In the South of Italy, in fact, it is not uncommon for even extended family to live within one home, sharing every part of their life together. While one may not observe the emotional and financial support these families give to each other internally firsthand, there is undoubtedly a sense of pride and respect that stems from these close-knit family ties which extend into societal life, such as the high respect that is held for elders no matter where one occupies Italy.In addition to this, visitors and outsiders are often treated with an immaculate kindness that permeates social gatherings. One could infer that family values in Italy have become so strong that they have stretched beyond literal family, and encapsulate the human race itself instead. Alongside these typical moral values, there is an emphasis on proper form and etiquette in all aspects of Italian life. Social appearance is a very important part of Italian life, as the projection of oneself can extend to represent not just the self, but family and country as well.First-impressions are considered one of the most vital parts of social interactions, because of the thought that said impression will last, and the fear of a tarnished reputation promotes joyous and welcoming greetings. These close meetings with people that one has, perhaps, not even met, are sure to be remembered by the various tourists who come and go. This may be due to other countries' comparatively cold salutations, such as in France or the United States, where the people between oneself and destination are just obstacles.Italy is an amazing seaside country with hundreds, if not thousands of ways to attract tourists. The famous fish dishes, pasta, and wine that Italy is host to are, undoubtedly, some of the foremost attractions for outsiders, especially for visitors a rriving from the States. . . the colorful and heavily seasoned national dishes are sure to evoke the life within ones palate, a palate that is sure to grow dormant as one becomes accustomed and overly-acclimated to their own local cuisine.Once one is tired of these dishes, if that is possible, they are sure to enjoy the strikingly beautiful landmarks which scatter the horizon, such as the Parthenon, which evoke thoughts of all the brilliant minds which stemmed from the age of the Roman empire and beyond. Lastly, it is thoroughly enjoyable to experience a culture that is in high contrast to one's own. Especially if said contrasts are positive and influential as is the case with Italy's family values and social values. Italy holds a vivid beauty that flows throughout all aspects of its culture. Works Cited â€Å"Italian Culture†. Hubpages. com. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2013. Web.

Impact of Transnational Corporations Essay

A transnational corporation (TNC) is a firm that has the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own them. There has been a movement of industrial activity from Developed Countries (DCs) to Less Developed Countries, due to the lower production costs in LDCs, allowing TNCs to maximize profits. Less Developed Countries can be further categorized into two different types, namely Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) such as China and India, and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). TNCs have the ability to take advantage of geographical differences and to switch and re-switch its resources and operations between locations at an international, or even a global, scale. Thus, it is undeniable that TNCs have great economic, social and environmental impacts on the host country. However, whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks depends on the level of the development of the country. TNCs bring about more economic and social benefits to NIEs but cause more environmental and socio-economic harm to LDCs, where there is a lack of legislative powers to protect workers and the environment from exploitation. TNCs provide economic stimulus and create employment in host countries through the multiplier effect and theory of cumulative causation. The injection of capital widens the economic base of the host country. TNCs often help LDCs climb the ladder of economic development. When the host country receives new investment, the economy is able to develop, increasing demand for labour. Increased personal income not only increases standard of living and quality, but it generates higher purchasing power for consumer goods which can lead to the growth and development of service industries as well. TNCs invest in China due to its labour ‘controllability’, competitiveness and the cheap labour of about US$0.60 per hour for long working hours of about 12 hours. Only one-third of the corporations in China are state-owned enterprises, showing the huge amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by TNCs in China, which has benefitted them positively as investments of TNCs have helped to lift more than 200 million Chinese out of poverty due to the opportunities for growth. The large scale investments in  the research and development industries also lead to a lateral technology transfer to the local population. Tetra Pak, a Swedish packaging firm, used to send an â€Å"army† of Swedes around the world to open and manage its factories. But now it is encouraging more local executives to step up into important roles and build up talent and experience in local â€Å"clusters†. Thus, there is training and skill acquisition for the locals, leading to technology tra nsfer. As such, TNCs bring about economic and socio-economic benefits for the host countries. However, the above scenario may just be a wishful thinking. Highly skilled managerial positions are often still dominated by expatriates, leaving only menial jobs for the locals, which are low-paying yet labour intensive. Also, many manufacturing plants are capital incentive so few jobs are provided in reality. Even if they do employ locals, they only employ low grade cheap labour. TNCs often ignore human rights too, exploiting labour. Sweatshop workers often work long hours for very low pay, regardless of laws mandating overtime pay or a minimum wage. Child labour laws may be violated too. One 1981 study of an electronics firm in Asia employing 85 percent women showed that after one year of work, 80 percent of women suffered from chronic conjunctivitis, and the women who assemble microchips often lose their sight after four years. Similarly in China, the working conditions of the cheap migrant labour is poor as many are cooped up in rooms of high temperatures like those involved in the casting to iron to produce small metal parts. In addition, the lack of intervention of and enforcement of policies by the government of China will result in more harms than benefits for the country. These harsh conditions will definitely outweigh the economic benefits brought about by TNCs to the host countries, and thus TNCs does not necessarily improve the standard of living and quality of life for citizens in the host countries despite the increase in salary. TNCs can also cause significant environmental damage to host countries where environmental laws are not enforced. In order to attract TNCs to invest in their countries, there would be a reverse auction among host countries, where they try to be less restrictive on TNCs’ operations. Environmental laws are often relaxed despite being present, resulting in over-extraction of natural resources in the host country. In China, there is urban-bias to economic development and a large portion of the land use for farms is being taken over to build factories and  facilities. Another example would be in Nigeria, Africa’s leading oil producer. Deforestation, the clearing of land to produce oil and gas for Shell had greatly reduced the local forests used to supply foodstuffs and fuels in Nigeria. Furthermore, Shell uses gas flaring, a practice which burns gas that cannot be collected, leading to huge air pollution. Before 2008, legislation to eliminate this practice is non-existent. There were also 4000 recorded oil spills since 1960, which exemplifies the little regard for the environment. These negative environmental impacts are also worsened as Nigeria has an oil-based economy, and the large oil TNCs such as Shell had considerable power and influence in this politically unstable country. Therefore, it can be seen that TNCs like Shell bring much environmental damage to host countries, which lack governmental support in terms of negotiating with TNCs for FDI to be tied together with environmental protection practices. TNCs can help to generate wealth and provide jobs for the host country, as the injection of FDI is an economic stimulus for economic development. However, TNCs may still bring more harm to LDCs which do not have the political clout to establish firm legislative frameworks to protect their workers and environment from exploitation. On the other hand, more advanced economies such as NIEs are more adept in the negotiation process with TNCs and thus bring about maximum benefits for the country. Hence, whether the benefits of TNCs operating in Less Developed Countries outweigh the negative impacts depends on the level of development of the host country.

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change. The WritePass Journal

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change. Abstract Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change. : 1). Whilst change is often viewed positively, this is not always the case and change is sometimes resisted by employees. This happens for a number of different reasons with one of the main ones being surprise. Employees generally don’t appreciate changes being made unexpectedly as it provides them with a threatening sense of imbalance in the workplace (Kreitner, 2008: 434). A lack of understanding and a lack of skills are further reasons why employees may want to resist change and unless effective training on change is provided, employees will most likely view positive changes negatively (Kreitner, 2008: 434). The various ways in which the employee may offer resistance to change will be discussed in this essay by analysing a range of models and frameworks that help to establish the effectiveness of change. Introduction Employee resistance to change can be undesirable as it places an obstacle in the way of business development and organisational change. However, there are certain circumstances where employee resistance to change is viewed in a positive light. By resisting change and demonstrating their reasons for doing so, employees may actually be encouraging change by offering alternative solutions and options. As pointed out by de Jager; the idea that anyone who questions the need for change has an attitude problem is simply wrong, not only because it discounts past achievements, but also because it makes us vulnerable to indiscriminate and ill-advised change (de Jager, 2001: 25). Therefore, whilst some may consider employee resistance to change disrespectful and unfounded (Piderit, 2000: 26), others may be consider it to be very effective, very powerful and a very useful survival mechanism (de Jager, 2001: 25). An employer may want to instigate organisational change that is inappropriate or wro ng and just as conflict can sometimes be used constructively for change, legitimate resistance might bring about additional organizational change (Folger and Skarlicki, 1999: 37). This essay will demonstrate how employees can offer legitimate resistance to change by suggesting alternative organisational change structures that will help to promote sustainability and assist in business development. This will be done by looking at various organisational change models and frameworks that will provide employees with the ability to resist change by offering additional options, which they believe will be in the best interests of the organisation. Employee resistance may lead to proposed change initiatives being revaluated by management who may then consider the most appropriate change for the business, as recommended by the employee. The process of change within an organisation isn’t just about creating a change that individuals will be able to resist, but rather the transition that will accommodate the change (Bridges, 1991: 3). Unless transition occurs, it is unlikely that the change will be effective. It is thus important that employees are capable of resis ting change so that they can offer alternative solutions that may be better suited to organisational needs. Consequently, employee resistance to change is an important contributor to implementing effective change within an organisation. Main Body Burke-Litwin Model (1992) The Organisational Transformation Process, developed by Burke and Litwin (1992: 1), is one of the main models that can be used to implement change within an organisation. Employees can use this model to offer resistance to change by offering alternative solutions that would be better suited to the organisation. Employees can use this model to show the various drivers of change by ranking them in terms of importance (Jex, 2002: 442). The most important factors are featured at the top, with the lower layers becoming progressively less important. By using this model, an employee will be able to demonstrate that all of the factors for change are interrelated and that a change in one factor will affect a change in all of the other factors. Organisations therefore have to consider whether the impact a change will have upon the other factors will help the business to remain sustainable (Hertwich, 2006: 10). As the external environment is at the top of the model, this is the main factor that is likely to influence change. An employee can resist change by offering an alternative solution that takes into account the needs of the external environment (World Commission on Environment and Development, 2011: 1). Porras and Robertson’s Model (1992) Porras and Robertson’s Model of Organisational Change was developed in 1992 to help individuals understand how to approach organisational change. This model is similar to the Burke-Litwin model in that it suggests that the external environment is the main influencer of organisational change. However, this model also suggests that the objectives of the organisation are the main drivers of change and that organisational arrangement, physical setting, social factors and technology all contribute to the changing environment of any organisation. In effect, an employee will be able to rely on this model to effectively resist change by signifying how the change is not in accordance with the overall objectives of the business. Instead they can offer an alternative change solution that is more akin to the organisational arrangement and physical setting of the business as well as social factors and technology. A change can be offered that improves the performance of the organisation, wh ilst also seeking to advance individual development. Hence, as has been established; â€Å"behaviour change is the key mediating variable in organisational change† (Jex, 2002: 444). If an employee can demonstrate that individual behaviour will be modified in accordance with the needs of the external environment, organisational change will most likely occur. As this model focuses on individual behaviour, desired work behaviours will   be better achieved, which will affect the disposition of the organisation overall. This theory does not, however, focus on modern ways of thinking and subsequently fails to adapt to take into account the changing environment. Lewins Force Field Analysis The Force Field Analysis model, developed by Lewin in 1951 will help an employee to resist change by providing a framework which looks at the restraining factors (forces) to change. In this analysis, there are two different types of forces, which are forces for change (driving forces) and forces against change (resisting forces). An employee can use the resisting forces to prevent a particular change from happening and use the driving forces to offer an alternative change. These forces can help the employee to alleviate any problems that are likely to arise with change management by helping the organisation to understand the effects a change will have upon the organisation. In demonstrating why a particular change should not take place, the employee will be required to show that the restraining forces exceed the driving forces. If this can be ascertained then the organisation change should not take effect. If the employees want to propose an alternative change, they will be required to show that driving forces of the new proposed change exceed the restraining forces. If they can establish this, then the new change should take place as it would be considered beneficial to the organisation. This model is useful to frame a process of change as it is easy to understand, though it seems as though each stage could in fact be expanded so that individuals can understand the process of change a lot more easily. Porters Generic Value Chain Analysis The Value Chain Theory, developed by Michael Porter, helps organisations to decide whether changes to the structure of the organisation are required (Porter et al; 2007: 706). An employee can use this model to demonstrate how the organisation does not need the change it wants to resist. The employee can do this by analysing the activities of the organisation, and the costs associated with them, to decide whether the proposed activity is profitable or not. The value chain activities consist of primary and support activities. Whilst the primary activities consist of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and service, the support activities consist of procurement, infrastructure, human resource management and technological development (Porter et al; 2007: 706). The aim of reviewing these activities is to consider whether the customer can be offered a level of value that exceeds the costs of the activities, resulting in a profit. This will also depend upon whether the organisations activities can be performed efficiently. By using this concept, the employee will be able to demonstrate that the customer cannot be offered a level of value that exceeds the cost of the activities and that no profit can be obtained from the change as a result. This is an effective way an employee will be able to resist change as it provides the employee with the chance to demonstrate how the proposed change does not have any profitable value. Nonetheless, it is likely to prove extremely difficult for an employee to implement this model due to the fact that employees will not have access to certain information about the organisation and the change. Change Analysis Process Because of how important it is for organisational changes to be properly analysed before they are implemented in order to minimise any associated risks, an employee could employ the change analysis process to deny the changes they wish to resist. Because an organisation needs to be able to adapt to change (Brier et al, 2011: 1) the identification and codification of change scenarios is necessary for the change process to take effect. The process of change requires organisations to adapt to current situations, as opposed to the creation of solutions (Brier et al, 2011: 1). The change analysis process can therefore be used analyse the change by considering the impact the change is likely to have and then subsequently considering whether it should be approved or denied. In resisting change, employees can use this analysis process to put forward their reasons why the change ought to be denied. Whether an employer will take into account the views of the employee is another matter and it s eems as though the employee will still be required to overcome many obstacles when putting forward its views and opinions. Realistic Evaluation Model The Realistic Evaluation Model could also be used to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of the proposed change. This will provide the employee with the ability to demonstrate the impact the change will have upon the organisation through proper evaluation. This model is suitable for employees to offer effective resistance to change as the evidence will be based upon realistic ideas and concepts about the change. A proper assessment can then be made about the ineffectiveness of the change so that it can be resisted (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2010: 38). This model is quite similar to Lewin’s Force Field Analysis in that it will enable the employee to review what is expected from the change, whilst also identifying any problems. The employee will also be able to put forward any associated risks with the change, which will most likely ensure that their resistance is effective. This approach provides a useful framework for helping employees to develop explanations about why the change shou ld be resisted, which it will then be able to present in a coherent way† (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2010: 38). Summary/Conclusions Given the impact organisational change has upon employees, it is unsurprising that resistance to change will often occur. Whilst such resistance to change can have a negative impact upon the organisation, it can also be considered positive on the basis that employees may be encouraging further change by offering alternative solutions and options. In resisting change employees may consequently be able to demonstrate alternative options for change, which may generate better ideas that are more suited to organisational needs. Not only do organisations need to be able to satisfy the needs of its consumers, but they will also be required to satisfy the needs of their employees. This will not only promote the success of the business but it will also lead to economic growth. Employees need to be able to identify and develop change strategies which help to meet organisational objectives and prevent undesirable changes from being made. Any risks that are associated with change will be capable of being overcome by the adoption of alternative change structures. In order to effectively resist change, employees will thus be required to adopt various change management models and frameworks so that they can offer appropriate solutions to the proposed changes. Not only will this prevent undesirable changes from being implemented, but additional strategies will also be developed. In resisting change, employees will be able to demonstrate that the possible risks associated with the particular change outweigh any benefits. Once this can be established, it is unlikely that the organisation will implement the change and any alternative suggestions will most likely be welcomed. It is important that organisations listen to the views of employees as they may be able to offer solutions that are more applicable and better suited to the needs of the organisation. References Bridges, W. (1991). Managing transitions: making the most of change. Reading, MA: Wesley Publishing Company. Brier, J. Rapanotti, L. and Hall, J. G. (2011) Problem Based Analysis of Organisational Change: A Real World Example, [Online] Available: mcs.open.ac.uk/jb9242/jbwebpapers/submittediwaapf06paper.pdf [18 August 2014]. Burke, W. W. and Litwin, G. H. (1992) Transformational Change and Transactional Change. Explanation of the Casual Model of Organisational Performance and Change, [Online] Available: 12manage.com/methods_burke_litwin_model.html [18 August 2014]. de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change: a new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 24-27. Folger, R. Skarlicki, D. (1999). Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 35-50. Jex, S. M. (2002) Organisational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach London: John Wiley Sons. Kreitner, R. (2008) Principles of Management, London: Cengage Learning, 11th Edition, London: Business Economics. Lewin, K. (1951) Field Theory in Social Science, New York: Harper and Row. Piderit, S.K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: a multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. Academy of Management -794. A, 783. Porter, M. E., Marciano, S., and Warhurst, S. (2007) De Beers: Addressing the New Competitiveness Challenges, Harvard Business School Case 0-706-501. The Times. (2012) The Organisation and Change, Operations Theory, [Online] Available: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/operations/the-organisation-and-change.html#axzz2H6FILJP6 [18 August 2014]. Walonick, D. S. (1993) General Systems Theory, [Online] Available: statpac.org/walonick/systems-theory.htm [18 August 2014]. Wendell, F. and Bell, C. (1999) Organisation Development, New Jersey; Prentice Hall.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Accounting - Assignment Example The healthcare sector represents a major part of America’s economy. Current expenditure on healthcare exceeds 15% of the GDP and Economists project it to hit $4.2 trillion or 20% of the GDP by 2016. Yet according to Commonwealth Fund’s analysis of World Health Organization data, America ranks last among developed nations in preventable mortality with over 47 million Americans lacking health insurance. Additionally, healthcare continues to be one of the fastest growing components of the economy, growing at a faster rate than the GDP. Health related expenditure is a large and growing segment of government budgets. Last year, healthcare expenditure accounted for one quarter of federal spending. From the public interest point of view, the economic stakes in healthcare reform is high. However, it is wise to note that for all the problems, the United States healthcare system has much strength and policy makers should not lose the good while addressing the bad. The major financial challenge of healthcare reforms is controlling the costs. The problem here is not the high level of spending on healthcare but rather the rapid growth of spending on healthcare. The per capita spending in America continues to increase at a faster rate than per capita income. Economic projections indicate that persistence of this trend would lead to a relentless rise in income devoted to healthcare expenditure. A large portion of state and federal spending goes towards subsidization of health insurance. In 1975, federal expenditure on Medicaid and Medicare accounted for 6% of total non-interest federal spending. Today, this figure stands at 23%. Due to the increases in cost of healthcare, the CBO projects that, without reform, Medicaid and Medicare will account for about 35% of non-interest federal spending in 10 years’ time. This trend points toward

Negative impacts of tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Negative impacts of tourism - Assignment Example n the oil price on the economy is not supported by economic growth contraction and this remarkable fall in the oil price has been experienced by the economy for the first time. The present decrease in the oil price on the economy is not due to the fall in demand but increase in supply of oil on the economy. The consumption of oil on the economy is directly related to the economic growth. The fall in the oil price has negative impact on the exporters of the world. The fall in the oil prices will result in the deficit budget of the government and this requires the increase in the taxes and cut in the government spending. The decrease in the oil prices will result in the situation of budget deficit on the economy and emergence of various social problems. The fall in the oil price leads to the situation of weak global demand of oil on the economy and it leads to the decrease in the investment and consumer spending and increase in the debt burden. The fall in the oil price has negatively affected the economy. The crash of oil price on the economy has an adverse affect on the global economy. The decrease in the oil prices were considered as favourable for the countries like US and Japan where the price of Gasoline was very low . On the contrary the decrease in the oil price has affected severely to the oil exporting countries like Russia and Venezuela since Venezuela may encounter unrest on the economy and increase in the debt obligation and the fall in the oil prices have adversely affected the oil rich countries like Saudi Arabia as they will face severe loss if the price of oil continued to remain low. And this fall in the oil price experienced by the economy in the year 2014 has resulted due to the fact that the price of oil has rouse significantly in the year 2000 and with the increase in the oil price many of the energy companies gained profit through the extraction of oil from the difficult oil drilling places .In U.S they adopted the technology of drilling