Science and poetry Essay Example For Students

Science and verse Essay In science one attempts to tell individuals, so as to be comprehended by everybody, something that nobody at any point knew previously. Be that as it may, in verse its the specific inverse. (P A M Dirac) Do both the methodologies recommended in the citation appreciate equivalent achievement in extending human information? The development of information is numerous a people principle objective. Like most objectives, growing information (nature, mindfulness, or understanding increased through understanding or study1) can be accomplished by means of numerous ways. These ways, or methods of knowing, incorporate, among different stations, two significant, apparently clashing ones: science (a methodological movement, order, or study) and verse (a bit of writing written in meter or stanza). So as to investigate every order accomplishment in growing information their disparities, likenesses, connections, and effects must be investigated. A distinction that lies between the two could be in how every one serves in making satisfactory facts. Logical certainties, for instance, are found while idyllic realities are mediated. The previous are known to as of now exist, as researchers look for them, while beautiful ones are vast and made through intervention. In science, there are realities (which are settled upon and certain) while in verse nothing is right or exact (since not at all like science, verse has many clashing perspectives on truth and information). Typically a researcher doesn't look for truth in the ridiculous and irrational; a craftsman endeavors to search for information and magnificence in the indiscernible. Poetrys objective might be to go past dialects (as a rule by means of representations, likenesses, and so on ); science is a language that is there to portray what is past us. Writers use creative mind to lose themselves; mathematicians outline their creative mind to utilize it. Some case that logical hypotheses come to play with a blaze of instinct before it is fabricated utilizing fastidious development. In verse, the hypothesis comes after a sonnets composing which was worked through of a blaze of instinct. Numerical manifestations could be molded by anybody; wonderful ones are one of a kind to the people that have created them. As referenced before, science can be viewed as a language, while verse utilizes it. Some case that verse is excellence through truth, while science is truth through magnificence. There are numerous contrasts between the two, with campaigners of the two gatherings guaranteeing every one progressively essential to growing human information and reprimanding every others victories. Another view is that these distinctions are shallow and unnecessary in the light of their likenesses and significance to one another while growing one domain.

The History of Italian Renaissance Free Essays

The Italian Renaissance was driven by a power of extraordinary walks in mankind. This was a period for a re-arousing of taught thinking, incredible creative undertakings, and an enabling element of humanism to utilize unrestrained choice to administer one’s future instead of permitting the congregation to direct the right way throughout everyday life. The city of Florence turned into the middle for quite a bit of this movement, where craftsmen and researchers were supported regally by similarly invested groups of incredible riches and social influence. We will compose a custom exposition test on The History of Italian Renaissance or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now More accentuation was put onto instruction as a methods for opportunity from numbness rather than motivation to serve God. There was a move in power from the congregation to a general secularization in all everyday issues, with the primary spotlight being on the improvement in the investigations of expressions of the human experience. Expressions of the human experience were taken a gander at in another manner, utilizing humanism as the new religion and the better approach to accomplish the best conceivable ethicalness. The genuine term Renaissance implies â€Å"re-birth†, which is basically what was occurring generally speaking, in Florence and other Italian states. â€Å"For Burckhardt this period comprised, extensively, of the fifteenth century in Italy, a period and spot where â€Å"medieval† man became â€Å"modern† man. - Italy-History of, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2000. (1) This was a re-birth of thoughts, learning, correspondence, imaginativeness and convictions. These components were coming full circle together to set up the world for the unfolding of another age, and another bearing for man to move in. The Italian Renaissance started discovering it’s specialty among the first class in Florence in 1360, be that as it may, this was only the start. The Renaissance end up being progressively settled by the mid fifteenth century among the remainder of Italy, and in the long run the remainder of Europe. . The world was changing and prepared for another perspective. Never again were people arranged to acknowledge the lessons of the congregation as their rules throughout everyday life. Society needed more from life than what the congregation brought to the table. Italian culture, most noteably in Florence, was becoming wealthier. With this expansion of riches came a need to seek after close as far as possible in accomplishment, instruction, and capacity. â€Å"In their general public, effective people, normally men, plainly could do more in this world than customary strict perspectives permitted. † †Modern European History I, 1992. (2) The humanists approached from this need to learn. They were the mind behind the Renaissance and exposed another perspective on what ought to be instructed and considered. They grasped the works of art; deciphering numerous from the old Greek and Roman content they were initially made in, and reclassifying how these works were initially deciphered. They viewed concentrates in language structure, talking points, verse, history and good way of thinking as a methods for lifting their self-esteem, and found that man can make his own fate as opposed to follow a pre-appointed destiny dictated by the congregation. By utilizing instruction to advance themselves in the public arena, the free-willed humanists were setting the principles for taught thinking, that present cutting edge life holds fast to. â€Å"Humanism was the most significant single scholarly development of the Renaissance. † †Eugene F. Rice Jr, 1970. (3) Humanism was not just centered around training; along these lines of reasoning additionally held control over different parts of the Renaissance. 2 As a great part of the instructive angle focused in Florence, so did the developing want for excellence and culture to be spoken to in workmanship; another solid factor of humanism. With it’s monetary and social standing getting quickly raised, and because of the solid custom of majority rule government it held, Florence would demonstrate to have the perfect environmental factors for the introduction of aestheticness in the Italian Renaissance development. Toward the start of the Renaissance, Florence was a settled, business city fundamentally constrained by the rich dealer class and a portion of the exceptionally affluent and amazing families that lived there. Families, for example, the de Medici family, would commission specialists to structure and construct huge houses of worship, castles and different landmarks to solidify the families’ position in Florence. Utilizing this sort of support sponsorship, the becoming aesthetic network had the option to prosper and flourish, and produce a mutitude of wonderful works, concentrating on another encapsulation of their ability. The human body was viewed and concentrated with more detail and authenticity than any time in recent memory. This lead to increasingly exact and life-like fine art, both in painting and figure. A great part of the craftsmanship moved away from the old topics of depicting the world and mankind as impeccably as could reasonably be expected, and focused rather on catching the real similarity of the topic, regardless of how unappealing or troubling it might have been. With huge money related sponsorship behind them, craftsmen had the option to focus soley on their specialty and extend it into the new, Renaissance style. They met incredible restriction from the congregation however had the option to keep pushing ahead with the continuous help of their advocates. The trustworthy lessons of the congregation joined with the intensity of the Pope, were continually tested by the humanists and those that followed this new style of thought. Residents were increasingly more every now and again swearing faithfulness to the crown as opposed to the Vatican, making a consistent decay of intensity from religion. â€Å"The Christian truth that had been recognized as grasping all wonders, natural or sublime, presently needed to coincide with an old style demeanor that was overwhelmingly coordinated toward natural life. †Humanism, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2000. (4) Information started to subvert the situation of the congregation. An ever-expanding measure of supporters of humanism reaffirmed the way that people are people and not simply spirits going through earth on their approach to time everlasting in paradise or hellfire. As people, each human reserved the privilege to finding his own fate and potential. These convictions and perspectives were firmly disapproved of by the congregation, who attempted futile to reassert their effect on society. A significant part of the incredible abundance of the period was likewise taken a gander at as un-Christian, yet the humanists contended that riches was just a way to accomplish more prominent excellence. Cash was expected to reserve and bolster expressions of the human experience, which gave the devices to facilitate edification in these territories. The congregation be that as it may, could possibly acknowledge this riches in the event that it was utilized for more noteworthy's benefit of society. This was a contention to win all through the Renaissance. From the re-assessment of training and craftsmanship, society has inferred a chance to decide their own fate, in view of the information they decide to engage themselves with. Humanists may have contradicted the congregation and it’s lessons all together 4 to push ahead with unrestrained choice and decision, however without that resistance, life would not hold the measure of wonderment and variety that exists today. The humanistic endeavors that started during the Italian Renaissance made ready for society to turn out to be progressively autonomous in their reasoning, increasingly sensible in their specialties, and increasingly taught in topic that had been excessively since quite a while ago denied. The Italian Renaissance molded and adjusted the â€Å"modern† world, bringing society out of the â€Å"medieval† times and onto the way that extended toward the idealistic future. The most effective method to refer to The History of Italian Renaissance, Papers

How Can I Stop a Panic Attack

How Can I Stop a Panic Attack Panic Disorder Coping Print Getting Through Your Panic Attack By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 25, 2020 Klaus Vedfelt/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions From symptoms of shaking nerves, trembling, sweating, and numbness to feelings of fear, anxiety, and even embarrassmentâ€"panic attacks can be extremely difficult to deal with. If you are a panic attack sufferer, you may be all too familiar with the struggle of managing these symptoms.?? Panic attacks can be extremely difficult to stop entirely. However, there are ways to learn how to better control and lessen their symptoms. Let Panic Run Its Course Panic attacks typically come on suddenly, bringing on escalating feelings of dread and anxiety. These attacks are often marked by bothersome physical symptoms, such as choking sensations, shaking, tingling, rapid heart rate, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain. During a panic attack, you may experience feelings of depersonalization and derealization, in which you feel disconnected from yourself and the world around you. You may become fearful that you are going “crazy,” losing all ?control or having a stroke or heart attack. When going through a panic attack, it can be difficult to focus on anything else but your symptoms. You may try to push away your upsetting thoughts and physical sensations, but resisting your panic attacks can actually intensify your anxiety.?? You may also fear your attacks because you don’t understand them. The next time a panic attack takes hold and those feelings of dread set in, try to surrender to your symptoms and allow the attack to run its course. Remind yourself that your symptoms cannot hurt you and know that it will soon pass. Additionally, to help take the fear out of the unknown, try to learn as much as you can about panic attacks. Breathe Your Way Through While having a panic attack, you may have experienced shortness of breath or hyperventilation. These symptoms can be especially troublesome as it can feel as though you can’t breathe. The fear associated with shortness of breath can heighten your anxiety during a panic attack. Learning to slow your breath down can be essential in controlling your panic attacks and reducing your fear. When panic attack symptoms start to escalate, try to focus on your breath. You may be experiencing quick shallow breaths. Concentrate on slowing your breath down. It can help to put your hands on your stomach, noticing how your hands and center rise when you take a full complete breath in, and lower when you exhale all the air out. Taking slow deliberate breaths will help you calm down and bring your awareness to your breathing instead of your symptoms. Relax Your Body It’s difficult, if not impossible, to be anxious when your body is relaxed. Letting go of tension throughout your body can really help you remain calm during a panic attack.?? When panic starts to set in, start with your breathing exercise and simply take a few deep breaths. Then bring your attention to how your body feels. Mentally go through each area of your body, and intentionally relax that area. For instance, notice how your face, shoulder, and neck feel. Relax your forehead. Soften your eyes and brows. Let go of tension around the mouth, jaw, and neck. Roll your shoulders back and allow them to rest. If you become distracted when trying to relax, gently bring your attention back to your breath and start again. Continue to go through each muscle group, making your way down to your center, your arms, hands, legs, and feet. When you are finished, take a few breaths and repeat, this time starting at your feet and making your way back up to the crown of your head, releasing deeper with each breath. Use a Distraction When panic attack symptoms set in, it can feel like your fear and apprehension are going to spiral out of control. When feeling overwhelmed with anxiety, try to distract your attention away from your physical experience.?? For instance, it may be helpful to talk to a person you are with or call someone on your cellphone. You may need to leave where you are and try your breathing and muscle relaxation exercises in an area away from where the panic symptoms began. Mental distractions can also help you escape your panic symptoms. Counting can be a simple and easy refocus. You can even use counting with your breathing technique, mentally totally each breath. For example, inhale deeply and exhale slowly, counting one. Next, repeat a cycle of breath and count two. Keep repeating until your panic subsides. You can also shift your focus by repeating positive affirmations to yourself. During a panic attack, you may think to yourself “I’m scared,” “I can’t get through this,” “People probably think I’m insane.” Replace these types of thoughts with more encouraging statements. Try to repeat to yourself affirmations, such as “Even though I feel scared, I accept myself,” “I will get through this,” or “I am strong.” Follow Your Treatment Plan If you have been experiencing persistent panic attacks, make sure you discuss your symptoms with your doctor. Panic attacks are rarely associated with a serious health issue, but your clinician will be able to rule out the possibility of different mental health and medical conditions. Depending on your symptoms and needs, your treatment plan may include prescribed medication and psychotherapy. Your doctor will be able to assist you in using effective ways to cope with your panic attacks. Take Care of Yourself Aside from coping with panic attacks, you may need to make some lifestyle changes to lower your overall feelings of stress and anxiety. Relaxation techniques, such as meditation and yoga, can help you reduce your anxiety. To become more calm and relaxed, try to include relaxation techniques and part of your routine. Plus, through regularly practicing these techniques when you are not highly anxious, you may be better prepared to use them when panic strikes. Take time for self-care by participating in activities that bring you a sense of balance, relaxation, and wellbeing. For example, regular exercise has been found to help lower stress and anxiety levels.?? You may want to consider a variety of activities you can participate in to boost your physical self-care, such as walking, dancing, or biking. Also, consider other areas of life that you can incorporate into your self-care routine, such as hobbies, nutrition, or spirituality. Tending to your needs and nurturing your sense of wellness can help you be better equipped to deal with your panic and anxiety symptoms. Track Your Progress When you have started to work on managing your panic attacks, it can be beneficial to start tracking your progress. This can be done through the use of a panic diary, personal journal, or mood and anxiety chart. Write down potential triggers, successes, and setbacks. Keeping a record of your progress can help you determine what has been working for you and where there may be more potential for growth. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Explicit Dehumanization Of Pop Culture - 852 Words

Explicit dehumanization in pop culture, such as the black face, began to decline after the Civil Rights Movement; arguably where old fashion racism, or the belief that Blacks should be segregated from because they were inferior, switched to symbolic racism, or the notion that because Blacks no longer face racial discrimination, they should economically and politically equal to Whites and stop using economic and political resources that could be better allocated to white people (Entman, 1990; Sweet, 2000). With that being said, dehumanization was arguably replaced with superhumanization. Superhumanization, in essence, is the perception of black people as beings beyond the human realm that possess supernatural physical abilities and supernatural intellectual abilities (Waytz, Hoffman, Trawalter, 2014). In pop culture, superhumanization takes the form of â€Å"magical negroes† or black entities that have healing powers, could predict the future, were extremely strong, and extremely fast; for example, John Coffey in The Green Mile, God in Bruce Almighty, and the Oracle in The Matrix (Hughey, 2009; Boswell, 2014; Waytz et al. 2014). These characters were often sidekicks that came to the aid of white characters either physically, or by offering wisdom and advice (Hutson, 2014). Furthermore, the personal lives and backstories of these black characters were rarely established and the sole purpose of their existence was to solve the leading white protagonist’s problems and not theirShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Un Armed Black Men Essay2026 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This literature review seeks to examine the death of un-armed black men by police officers in the United States. It includes rationale that supports unconscious bias, poor police training, explicit racism, a biased judicial system, the inherent violent tendencies of black males and overall societal culture. Throughout the course of this examination a constant them emerged. Unconscious bias, a poor judicial system and insufficient police training seem to be the cause of this phenomena. Read MoreThe Self Objectification Theory Of Women4667 Words   |  19 Pagesis evaluated as a separate entity with a blatant disregard to the human who occupies it. When objectification occurs it dehumanizes the individual and turns them into an object that is to be used for someone else’s pleasure. Women in westernized cultures are particularly subject to this type of treatment and the detrimental effects it can cause (Harper Tiggemann, 2008). Often as a result, objectification is turned inward and the individual views themselves as an object, creating a state of chronicRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesUS, including for the dropping of the A-bombs. Court found that dropping nuclear weapons was â€Å"contrary to fundamental principle of the laws of war that unnecessary pain must not be given.†). Commencement of Hostilities Have to first have explicit warning or ultimatum before commencing hostilities; Have to warn/notify neutrals of state of war; Despite UN Charter provisions outlawing use of aggressive force altogether, the fact that wars will still occur makes the 1907 Hague III Convention

The Quality of Integrity in Life and Business - 3249 Words

Introduction Integrity has always been the most important quality to me throughout my life. I believe that if people are able to trust my judgment and trust my decisions, I will go a lot farther in every aspect of my life. For example, if my coworkers are able to trust my work actions I will be given more independence at work and more freedom to make decisions which will ultimately lead to a higher potential for promotion. Think about it, would you ever consider promoting a worker who you knew lied, cheated, or performed illegal acts such as fraud? I know I wouldn’t. This brings me to my next point; what would I do if I knew one of my clients was performing an illegal fraudulent act? Would I have the courage and be willing to risk my job in order to bring the truth to the foreground? Would I blow the whistle? I would like to think that I would answer a definite yes to that question but the truth is when one is in the position to either blow the whistle or not blow the whistle there are many outside forces that play into the decision. It is necessary to be reminded that in order to preserve integrity, blowing the whistle is a necessary act when deemed appropriate. In this essay I will explain what types of situations require the whistle to be blown and how to determine those situations, as well as any trends found through research between whistleblowers such as age, gender, loyalty to job, etc. Basics of Fraud The process for determining when a fraudulentShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Ethical Integrity Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is ethical integrity and why is it important? This paper will address the viewpoint of ethical integrity and its outcome. Ethical Integrity is a favorably sensible method for doing what is right when it comes to people dealing with people. 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Being trustworthy, honest, and always upholding the utmost integrity are important qualities in aRead MoreA Brief Note On The Health Care Program844 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrity and fairness are very important in all proposal evaluations, especially in the medical community. Tricare health care program was created for all service members of the military, especially retired and their families. The purpose of Tricare is to provide quality and cost-effective care for their members and for the government. Tricare unitizes military insulations that have a medical treatment center on site to be able to provide cost effective quality care to their members and have aRead MoreIntegrity And Moral And Ethical Principles926 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrity is a word that has slowly disappeared from not only our workplace but also in society. It seems we are facing a serious lack of integrity in the world. 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Therefore only people with a highRead MoreEthical And Ethical Aspects Of Business Ethics1350 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors in business industry have provided different definitions for business ethics. Moreover, definition varies for different people and different organizations. In general, Business ethics:-- -is a set of moral values or applied ethics that’s drives the operation of business. It’s more than operating a business under existing laws. There is always a question of morality and this morality of values comes from values held by the society. But ethics for each company may have high standard toRead MoreMarketing Management and Faith Integration Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesMarketing Management and Faith Integration There are many Bible verses that relate to business character. Many of them speak of honesty and integrity in business actions. Character is defined as the combination of a person’s ethical and moral qualities, and it is shown through the choices we make. Therefore, as a business owner or decision maker, one needs to consider the impacts the decision may have on others and the community and not be hasty in making the quick decision that may have negativeRead MoreWhat Is Business Ethics?1294 Words   |  6 PagesMIS 6308 – Assignment: Business Ethics Essay (50 points) What is business ethics? Business ethics can be understood as codes that define the actions and behavior of the employees in an institution. Standards are set by every company to define what is accepted as ‘Right’ and each employee is expected to abide by these standards. For a business to run successfully it is important to abide by the set of standards that are defined. Companies around the world observe these ethical principles strictly;

France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 Free Essays

During the French Revolution the years of 1799-1815, France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte. Although many people feel that Napoleon is one of dictatorship, the truth is he one for the country and did what he felt was in the best interest of France. Napoleon was a democratic leader for his country. We will write a custom essay sample on France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 or any similar topic only for you Order Now By studying his role in education, the political aspects, and the social aspects of France, one can see he did good for the country although not everything was perfect, there is no perfect person or Utopia. Napoleon set out to make France the greatest nation of Europe, and education was one of the top priorities on his list. Since Napoleon believed in a system of merit not one of family hierarchy, he felt everyone needed to be educated. The government was getting numerous complaints regarding the lack of schools in many areas, lack of professionalism among the teachers, lack of discipline and attendance by students and, in a few areas, lack of religious education (Markham 5). The problem with religious education was partially resolved by the Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. Religious elementary schools had opened but mostly for girls. Napoleon felt that girls and boys didn’t need the same education. Girls needed domestic skills, which will be helpful once married. Although he did feel they needed to learn, numbers, writing, and the principles of their languages, as well as history, geography, physics and botany. Another part of education that was very significant to Napoleon was the idea of secondary education. He felt that boy’s education should be separated into 2 parts; under age 12 and over age 12. The first 4 classes would include general topics, once finished with that they would have to choose between a civil career or a career in the military and the rest of their education would depend on that (Markham 5). To this day the Napoleonic educational system is still very popular in France. There has been some modification in the system such as, the separation of church and state was made complete. Now religion was not part of the public school’s curriculum. The high schools know, as lycees are still there today and even plays more of an important role. Graduation from a lycee is good enough for most jobs. Napoleon also did good for the political system of France. He created a new constitution. It consisted of three consuls. The first consul assumed by Napoleon, but was voted in. Napoleon worked really hard to put France back together after the revolution. He allowed all types of political refugees back into France, and also appointed both radical republicans and royalist aristocrats to his government. (Hooker 2). While the most peerless act was to allow the Catholic church back into to France, The concordat with Pope Pius VII. While in rule he also created The Napoleonic Code. It was a complete revamp of the French law. It was based on 2 ideas: that all men are equal under the law (but not women) and all people have a right to property. The code stamped out all privileges from the law including tax laws. The code spelled out various contractual laws to ensure the inviolability of private property. (Hooker 3) Many people think that what Napoleon was doing was wrong, yet they voted him Napoleon I, Emperor of France in 1804. Napoleon also in all he did abolished feudalism, which was part of the Code. As was stated before Napoleon brought the Catholic Church back into France; Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII agreed that it was necessary for the peace of the country. Napoleon also created the Legion of Honor in 1802. It was Nobility but it was based on ability. At first not many people favored it, but by Napoleon’s downfall everyone even the Republicans favored it. (Holtman 3) Napoleon also accounted for the improvement and better treatment of the Jews. He gave them the right to worship in private and in some cases allowed them to become full-fledged citizens. Napoleon also helped create a system of measurement for the whole country now used in many places the metric system. He also created the bank of France. It aided the unification of the country and made it easy for everyone. Before Napoleon came around marriages were only allowed through the church, he allowed marriages outside the church. The church never recognized divorces but Napoleon did. Which made life a lot easier for people in France. Napoleon might have wanted to have control over many lands, but most importantly he had improved the status of France from what it was after the Revolution to what it is now. He has helped shape present day France. His ideas with education, the government, and the social revolution he created were a huge part in history. He was a democratic leader in many different aspects. How to cite France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815, Papers

Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example

Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Paperboard is a thick paper based material which is much thicker than paper. Paperboard can be single or multi-ply. It is light in weight and can be easily cut and formed. Cardboard is the generic name for paperboard. It is used for packaging and graphic printing such as book, postcards and magazine covers among others. Paperboards are used for packaging of baked goods, dry fruits, and confectionaries among others. In addition, it is used in creating sculptures. There are various types of paperboards such as folding boxboard, chipboard, kraftboard, white lined chipboard and binder’s board among others.Visit Complete Report Here: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/paperboard-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2013-2019 Fibrous material such as wood or recycled waste paper is converted into pulp and then it is chemically processe d by bleaching. It is then coated for improved visual appearance. The demand for paperboard in packaging is expected to grow exponentially in the next few years as paper made from wood-fiber is fully biodegradable in the environment. Paperboard is often used as an outer web in laminations to give body to a package. There are different types of papers used for packaging such as handmade paper and kraft paper among others. These different types of paperboards are used for packaging of baked goods, dry fruits, and confectionaries among others. Growing population in developing countries such as India and China, demand for packaged food and increasing awareness of environmental issues is expected to boost the paperboard in packaging in the next few years. Increasing consumer demand for biodegradable packaging material due to rising awareness regarding ecology conservation is expected to boost the demand for paperboard over the next six years. In addition, paperboard has been

How to Use the French Word Du Tout

How to Use the French Word Du Tout The French word du tout, which is pronounced, du too, means (not) at all. It has a normal register. Usage The French expression du tout emphasizes a negative word, most commonly the negative adverb pas. When used with pas, du tout can be placed either right after it or else at the end of the sentence; the latter is a bit more forceful. Je naime pas du tout courir. / Je naime pas courir du tout. I dont like running at all.Il na pas du tout changà ©. / Il na pas changà © du tout. He hasnt changed at all.Elle na pas du tout didà ©es. / Elle na pas didà ©es du tout. She doesnt have any ideas at all. In response to a question, du tout can be used on its own or with pas to mean not/none at all. Veux-tu aller au cinà ©Ã‚  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. Do you want to go to the movies? -Not at all.Tu nas pas dargent  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. You dont have any money? -None at all. Du tout can also be used with other negative words: Il na rien fait du tout ce matin. He did nothing at all / He did absolutely nothing this morning.Personne du tout nà ©tait la plage. There was no one at all / There was absolutely no one at the beach.  Il ny a plus du tout de cafà ©. Theres no coffee left at all.Elle est partie sans pleurer du tout. She left without crying at all.

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction in Evolution

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction in Evolution The mechanism for evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is the process that decides which adaptations for a given environment are favorable and which are not as desirable. If a trait is the favored adaptation, then individuals that have the genes that code for that characteristic will live long enough to reproduce and pass down those genes to the next generation. In order for natural selection to work on a population, there must be diversity. To get diversity in the individuals, genetics need to be different and different phenotypes must be expressed. This is all dependent upon the type of reproduction the species undergoes. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from one parent. There is no mating or mixing of genetics in asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction results in a clone of the parent, meaning the offspring have identical DNA as the parent. There is usually no variation from generation to generation in a species population that relies on asexual reproduction. One way for an asexually reproducing species to get some diversity is through mutations at the DNA level. If there is a mistake in mitosis or the copying of the DNA, then that mistake will be passed down to the offspring, thereby possibly changing its traits. Some mutations do not change the phenotype, however, so not all mutations in asexual reproduction result in variations in the offspring.​ Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction happens when a female gamete (or sex cell) unites with a male gamete. The offspring is a genetic combination of the mother and the father. Half of the offsprings chromosomes come from its mother and the other half come from its father. This ensures the offspring are genetically different from their parents and even their siblings. Mutations can also happen in sexually reproducing species to further add to the diversity of the offspring. The process of meiosis, which creates the gametes used for sexual reproduction, has built-in ways to increase diversity as well. This includes crossing over, which ensures the resulting gametes are all different genetically. Independent assortment of the chromosomes during meiosis and random fertilization also add to the mixing up of genetics and possibility of more adaptations in offspring. Reproduction and Evolution Generally, it is believed that sexual reproduction is more conducive to driving evolution than asexual reproduction. With much more genetic diversity available for natural selection to work on, evolution can happen over time. When evolution does occur in asexually reproducing populations, it typically happens very quickly after a sudden mutation. There usually is not a long time of accumulating adaptations like there is in sexually reproducing populations. An example of this relatively quick evolution can be seen in drug resistance in bacteria.

Learning Team Policy Analysis II Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Team Policy Analysis II Paper - Essay Example If the police do not have the duty of arresting the suspects, then offenders cannot be taken through the four policies (Mackenzie 4). There would also be no offenders since the courts would not have any suspects to prosecute. The police policies mainly involve arresting suspects. The suspects can be reported by the public or spotted by the police. The police then go ahead to have statements of wrongdoing by the suspects written down in preparation for the court. This directly affects the court since the prosecutors can only prosecute the suspect according to the statements written down. Sometimes the prosecutors end up complaining about the poor quality of the statement forwarded by the police. The role of the police goes on to affect the correctional facilities, if the suspect becomes convicted of his/her offences at the court. It affects the correctional facilities by having the offender punished according to the offences he/she has been convicted of and their magnitude. Over time, drug related arrests have increased significantly. The reason behind the increase mainly involves the higher rate of testing for drugs. This led to drug related offences being the highest number of arrests made. As a result, most of the correctional facilities have too many offenders (Drakeford and Kristin 13). Due to this problem, prosecutors found it necessary to avoid prosecuting suspects possessing little quantities of drugs. As a result, the correctional officers have recorded less congestion in their facilities. In conclusion, the police play a central role in the criminal justice system. Without the police, the criminal justice system can as well be considered useless. For instance, a judge cannot pass judgement on a suspect without considering the offence that led to the suspect’s arrest. Likewise, a prosecutor cannot prosecute a suspect without considering the offence that led to the suspect’s arrest. The correctional officers then end up administering punishment

Physical Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Exercise - Essay Example Today, man is slowly realising the importance of good health, hygiene and fitness, due to the absence of which, his life has been plagued by ill-health! Physical activity can take numerous forms, depending on the aim. Simple forms of exercise include healthy breathing exercises, walking, jogging, bending and stretching. However, when one take on the aim to conquer one's overweight body or to attain higher levels of fitness, one takes the decision to take professional guidance, by joining institutes or gyms, where higher forms of exercise like lifting weights, cardio exercises, muscle-building, etc. is taught. Thus, exercises range over a great variety and it depends on the lifestyle, aim and interest-levels of an individual, in terms of the exercises he can adopt in his day-to-day activities. However, some form of exercise and physical activity is mandatory to lead a healthy life! On contacting professionals for help in helping attain greater levels of fitness and health, they often reassure our apprehensions by saying, "You are not alone"! It

Hemingway :: ESSAYS

Hemingway In one of the chapters in the book entitled â€Å"Hemingway† the author Leo Lania tries to explain Hemingway and his work. He explains that a key to understanding Hemingway can be found in the characters of his heroes and in their beliefs. The leading character â€Å"appears in various guises in the different novels and short stories but basically he is always the same type†(Lania8).Whether ordinary soldier or general, smuggler or gambler, Negro or journalist he is a man scarred by experience. He has always been gravely wounded, physically or mentally, either during the war, in the sports arena, during childhood, in fight for existence. At some time or other something terrible has happened to him and the memory persecutes him. Lania also explains that Hemmingway’s principal character is almost always an American from the Middle West. He is â€Å"no intellectual but his primitiveness is only a mask for his sensitivity. In order to master life he needs a moral code he can follow, a believe in certain rules by which to measure his behavior†(11). Neither books, reason nor religion can supply him with this belief. He needs to practical experience. Hemingway’s’ world is at war, â€Å"war either in the literal sense or the ruthless, brutal fight for existence†(11). In short stories Hemingway sums up his philosophy of life in one sentence: ‘A man can be destroyed but not defeated’ â€Å"the speaker is an old bullfighter who although overcomes, does not surrender and therefore proves the victor†(11). In another story a champion boxer provides a similar example. In his latest work, The Old Man and the Sea, the old Cuban fisherman triumphs through tenacity of his fight with the great fish, although in the end the sharks eat away his catch and deprive him of the reward for his indescribable sacrifice. This theme runs continuous through all of Hemingway’s works. â€Å"His outlook may be limited and incomplete, his conception of honor and heroes primitive, even childish†(12). The part played by women in Hemingway’s work is significant. That he handles sex without sentimentality that only strict moralists would hold against him. This was no t only part of his poetic license but also an important contribution to our knowledge us. Hemingway’s lovers â€Å"have nothing in common either spiritually or intellectually, nor do they seek it†(14). They are not partners they are not even enemies. Their relationship is therefore neither exalted nor tragic.

Aqualisa Quartz: Simply a Better Shower Essay

INTRODUCTION Our report aims at developing a marketing plan for Aqualisa Quartz shower. The product was launched and in spite of being much better than the existing showers in the U.K market in terms of water pressure, ease of installation, use and design, it didn’t have very impressive sales figures in the first four months. This report delves into the details as to why the launch was not successful and what can be done now to improve the situation of the product and the company. It is very important to reflect on the ways through which a company can increase sales together with its brand quality because usually, there is a strong competition in the industry and the companies have to choose among the ways through which they might win the market and this requires a lot of research. Companies should be aware of one key concept which is â€Å"you can’t be everything to everybody.† Our report elaborates on the industry, the company, the customers and the product itself to give a n overview of the whole situation and finally, it suggests the recommendations and the implementation plan. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Quartz entered the market when only about 60% of U.K homes had showers and archaic plumbing some of which dated back to the Victorian period was still common in many houses. There were two major problems regarding the shower system in the U.K: low pressure and high fluctuations in temperature, which were addressed through the use of either electric showers or special U.K shower valves. The three main types of shower that existed in the market were Electric showers, mixer showers and power showers each having their own positive and negative features. Electric showers had one advantage over the other two types and that was â€Å"not requiring hot water supply.† The disadvantage of such a shower was that the electrical components were usually mounted in a cumbersome white box which could be seen in the shower stall. Another weak point in these showers was that they had not solved the problem of low flow rate. Aqualisa sold electric showers under the separate brand name of â€Å" Gainsborough.†Electric showers covered 61% of the units sold in the market. (See EXHIBIT 1) The mixer shower which covered 30% of the  units sold in the market (see EXHIBIT 1) came in two types; manual and thermostatic. The thermostatic type created comfortable temperature but manual ones were very inconvenient. The mixer shower required both hot and cold water, additional pump to address pressure problems, and the installation typically required excavation of the bathroom. No wonder it was selling half the volume electric showers were selling. Aqualisa had Aquavalve and Aquavalve 609, the latter being the core product of the company. The third type was integral power showers which covered only 9% of the units sold in the market. These showers required both hot and cold water as well. The bulky box on the wall was another problem with these ones and more importantly, they were regarded as less reliable compared to mixer showers. Aqualisa’s primary product in this category was Aquastream thermostatic. What was noteworthy in the shower industry was the fact that there was hardly any innovative movement in the industry in terms of functionality ,that is to say, possible innovations mostly happened in the cosmetic part of the product and major manufactures recycled their product line every four or five years. Aqualisa could take advantage of this weak point in the industry and be the winner. The question that remained to be answered was how? CUSTOMER ANALYSIS Most customers disliked two major problems of the existing showers- poor pressure and varying temperature. Consumers complained about other problems as well. They were not happy with hard-to-turn valves, leaky seals and worn-out showers. On the other hand, brand awareness was very low among the customers and only one brand (Triton) had been able to build brand awareness at the customer level (see EXHIBIT 1). Shower buyers in the U.K fell into one of these three pricing segments: premium, standard and value. Customers in the premium segment cared about the style of the shower and the performance or service of the product was not of importance to them. They normally shopped in showrooms. On the contrary, customers in the standard segment preferred performance and the  service provided with the product and they usually relied on an independent plumber to recommend a shower to them. Thirdly, customers in the value segment were primarily concerned with convenience and price. They did not like the idea of excavation in their showers and they mainly relied on a plumber to select the product for them. In addition to these segments, there were two more segments: do-it-yourselfers and developers. Do-it-yourselfers shopped at retail outlets and were interested in cheap models that were easy to install and they did not care about the unattractive bulky shape of the showers. Landlords and apartment dwellers were the main customers and electric showers were the overwhelming choice in this segment. Finally, developers were the customers who preferred reliable, nice-looking products that could work in multiple settings. Besides, developers did not have to worry about the pressure problems because new houses were almost exclusively built with high-pressure systems. The important characteristic of this segment was their price sensitivity. Aqualisa, knowing this behavior, had sold them its redesigned Aquavalve showers under the brand name of ShowerMax at a lower price and the developers loved it because it gave them the Aquavalve technology at a remarkable lower cost. Are plumbers regarded as channels or customers? Channels are customers too. Either way, they are important buyers and, at the same time, influential ones. Plumbers tried to install a special shower wherever they normally went for a job because unfamiliar showers could bring about unknown problems regarding and a revisit to fix the problem led to an extra cost for the plumbers. Furthermore, plumbers could receive some sort of service form the manufacturer if they stuck to that special brand. Generally, plumbers did not trust innovation especially if it involved electronics because of their bad experiences with the poorly designed products in the past. They wanted a shower that was easy to install with a guarantee to not break down or require servicing. Plumbers had a remarkably strong involvement in mixer shower selection (48%) whether directly or indirectly (see EXHIBIT 2).Apart from that, 54% of the mixer shower installation was carried out by them (see EXHIBIT 3).Aqualisa had the second biggest market share in mixer showers having Aquavalve 609 as their core product in that category (see EXHIBIT 1). Aquavalve 609, selling 60000 units per year, was considered Aqualisa’s  top-selling shower and it was regarded by the plumbers as being a high-quality reliable mixer shower with state-of-the-art technology. Therefore, Plumbers perception of the brand was quite positive. THE COMPANY AND THE CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION Showers were sold through three channels of distribution, which were trade shops, showrooms and DIY outlets. Trade shops carried products of all the brands in the market and all they cared about was to make sure they had the right stock of products that were in demand. The main customer of trade shops were plumbers who worked for developers, showrooms, contractors and customers. Aqualisa brand was available in 40% of trade shops. The second channel was showrooms which tended to be more high-end. Showrooms often offered more than just showers and they offered installation services by subcontracting with contractors and plumbers. Aqualisa brand was sold in about 25% of them.DIY sheds offered discount, mass-market do-it-yourself products. Electric showers, being cheaper, were selling really well in this channel (see EXHIBIT 4).Aqualisa had no product in this channel but its Gainsborough was available in 70% of these outlets. Aqualisa’s brand had always been considered as a strong one in the U.K and the company had been recognized as having top-quality showers, a premium brand and a good service. The company’s market share in mixing showers was ranked second and ranked third in the overall U.K shower market. The company had to take these facts into consideration and not make a decision regarding positioning and target marketing that would lead to a decrease in these values. However, the company had encountered some problems too. There was a strong competition in terms of product quality in the first place and the company had to be on its toes to deal with this case. Moreover, Aqualisa products were seen to be overpriced and this was something the competitors could take advantage of. Also, in terms of services, Aqualisa had become a little sloppy and it had not improved its 10% rate of break down for many years. Although it had a 25% net return on sales, its future was not secured. PRODUCT ANALYSIS Aqualisa’s new product would eliminate almost all the problems that the customers had including the cumbersome box in the shower, the low pressure and the varying temperature. Aqualisa had come up with the idea of locating the mechanism remotely outside the shower which would eliminate the need for excavation. Aqualisa launched Quartz into the market after three years of development. The product came into two versions: standard shower designed for installations that already had a pump and pumped shower which included a pump. One of the key advantages of quartz was its ease of installation. While other showers took two whole days to install, Quartz would take only four hours and this was a great source of pleasure both for the customer and the plumber. In addition to all other advantages like high pressure, stable temperature, ease of installation and remote mechanism, the one touch control mounted on the shower wall was appealing to the customers as well. Quartz was loved by everyone; parents liked it because its automatic temperature control was safe for their children who could shower on their own now; the elderly loved it because they did not have to struggle with stiff valves and so on. Quartz had some other potential features as well, which had not yet been put into effect. The Body Jet product and the Slave Remote were two additional products that could boost the sales of the product in the future. The Body Jet product was so popular among women because they could wash their bodies without getting their hair wet and the slave remote enabled the consumer to control the temperature from a distance. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS It is time to recommend the best target market to Mr. Rawlinson now. We would recommend that he choose the first option which is targeting the customers directly. Before we talk about the pros and cons of this approach, let’s consider the other two options which are targeting do-it-yourselfers and targeting developers. The do-it-yourself sheds, as said before, simply offer cheap and easy to assemble showers. Therefore, this place is not a proper place for a premium brand like Quartz. Besides, Quartz is an expensive product and it cannot be a fit in the DIY sheds; the customers who go there are basically looking for cheap showers rather than expensive ones no matter  what the function is. As long as the customer is unaware of the fantastic features of the new product he/she will not consider buying it when there are much cheaper alternatives which have proved to be good enough for their price. The advantage of targeting the DIV sheds is that because these outlets introduce easy to install showers, the customers who have that advantage in mind, will go there and they will get interested in the unique features of Quartz especially its ease of installation. As a result, some of them may buy the product and after experiencing the convenience in using it they will recommend it to others. The third option which is targeting the developers may seem interesting at first because they can have a huge volume of sales at the start and increase their profits but in practice, it is not going to be so. The developers want a very low price for their mass purchases and this is not what the company might want to encounter for two reasons; firstly, the image of the product as an innovative premium brand is lost and secondly, the company’s profits plummet due to the almost 50% discount that the developers might expect. If the company focuses on developers, it will only cover 15% of overall shower sales in the U.K (see EXHIBIT 6) while there is a much more potential for shower installation because of other reasons like replacement or new penetration. One might say that targeting developers is beneficial because developers subcontract plumbers to install the showers for them and the plumbers having experienced the ease of installation may use Quartz for their independent jobs as well. However, this does not sound practical because plumbers are not satisfied with electric showers whatsoever and they try to avoid new products because those types of showers might cause unprecedented problems which lead to extra costs for them. Apart from that, plumbers receive less installation fees working for 4 hours while with other products they will spend a lot more hours and receive higher installation fees. The first option which is targeting the customers directly seems less disadvantageous although it is more risky. As rule of thumb, higher risk is associated with higher return. Targeting the customers directly using the media might be costly but the probable high returns from that cover the  costs very quickly. A large scale campaign would cost about â‚ ¬3 million to â‚ ¬4 million over two years. The company is presently in a good financial status with 25% net returns on sales. Therefore, it would be rational if it used some of that profit on advertising its new product and thought of this expenditure as investment rather than cost. The breakeven point for Quartz is 18710 units (see EXHIBIT 5).Since Aqualisa has a good market share; it could definitely sell more than the breakeven point units. Total number of units sold in a year only for Aqualisa products (excluding Gainsborough) is 122000(see EXHIBIT 1).This big number looks promising. Here is what Aqualisa should do: It should have a large-scale advertisement on the product, flood the trade shops with the product and enjoy results! You might say this is insane and there is going to be a deadly cannibalization by applying this plan. Well, there might be some cannibalization but it does not do much. Let’s consider a pessimistic result in terms of units sold if cannibalization occurs. Currently, Aqualisa is yearly selling 6000 units of electric showers, 94000 units of Mixer showers and 22000 units of Power showers (see EXHIBIT 1). Assume that in case of cannibalization, the number of units sold per year change into: 0 units of electric showers, 70000 units of mixer showers, 15000 units of power showers and 30000 units of their new product, Quartz. By looking at the manufacturer’s price in EXHIBIT 8 and multiplying them by the number of units sold accordingly we can calculate the sales for each case. The normal case has sales of â‚ ¬37.3 million and the second case that happens after the launch of Quartz and the consequent cannibalization has sales of â‚ ¬44.71 million. It brings about a â‚ ¬7.41 million increase in sales (see EXHIBIT 9). Quite remarkable! The two channels that are proper for Quarts are trade shops and showrooms. Quartz has already attracted a lot of customers in the showrooms and the company just has to keep that excellence in place using their great service. Currently, only 40% of trade shops offer Aqualisa’s products. Aqualisa should improve this number to 70% or more through the launch of Quartz. In addition, this approach may encourage the plumbers to switch to Quartz as their default shower for installation although they might not like to switch to a new product with unprecedented f eatures. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN For the implementation plan, we will elaborate on the strategies the company should apply in terms of the 4Ps which are _product_, _price_, _placement_ and _promotion_. The product was analyzed in the product analysis sector and there is much more to say about it. Regarding price we should say that Quarts seems to be overpriced but in reality it is not. Here is the reason we claim so. Consider the top-selling product Aqualisa has in the market, that is to say, Aquavalve 609.the price of this product is â‚ ¬715.but once the customer buys the product the real costs begin to show themselves. This type of shower needs two days for complete installation which means 16 hours for the plumber; the plumber charges â‚ ¬60 per hour. Then, the installation fee is â‚ ¬960(16*60).there are also other costs like additional booster pump(â‚ ¬450) and excavation charge(â‚ ¬200).the sum of all these is â‚ ¬2325 which is the total cost for Aquavalve showers. Now let’s see how mu ch a Quartz Standard costs: â‚ ¬850 for product purchase and â‚ ¬240 for four hours of installation (4*60) and 450 for additional booster pump. No excavation is needed. The sum of these ones is â‚ ¬1560.it is remarkably lower than the one incurred by Aquavalve. The role of Promotion begins from this stage. The company should clearly inform the customers of the hidden charges of other showers (not mentioning Aquavalve) through the advertisements in different media like the TV, newspapers and magazines. On the whole, the company should implement a problem solving approach in their advertisements.This simple information will create a good image in the minds of the customers and they will know that the price is placed somewhere between their valuation of the product and the cost of it. The company could also apply transformational appeals in their approach regarding creative strategies to persuade the customer. One example would be displaying a happy businessman who has had a great day and at the end of the day when he wants to take a shower, he faces the low pressure or the varying temperature of the shower. The ad could quickly turn that situation to a pleasant one by focusing on Quartz and the difference it makes. The actions to be taken regarding product placement were mentioned in the recommendation part, which was targeting trade shops and showrooms as their channels of distribution. This creates a mainstream positioning ,which will be more profitable because the product is not highly priced if you look at it economically, taking all its advantages over the other showers into  consideration.

Questionnaires Are Cost Effective And Cover A Large...

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This essay will discuss Foucault’s and Bauldrillard’s...

This essay will discuss Foucault’s and Bauldrillard’s views on today’s society. Foucault sees the current state of the society as a system of domination, while Baudrillard says that the society we knew has collapsed in to a world of images produced by the mass media. Both of them focus on the cultural dimension of the progression of the society and sees society as having moved on from modernity. Though both have different views when it comes to Power, Foucault focuses on the changing nature of power and the historical circumstances which assist the rise of specific discourses while Bauldrillard on the other hand says that power is a mere product of images, signs, and simulacra generated by the mass media which makes it not real.†¦show more content†¦For example, medical discourse dismisses other ways of treating people like holistic medicines. Forms of knowledge are linked to discourses, knowledge simple refers to the particular construction or version of a phenomenon that has received the stamp truth (Burr,2003). Though knowledge is not a direct perception of reality because different cultures have different perception of how the world is, this makes the idea of ‘truth ‘problematic. All knowledge comes observing from one perspective or another. Discourse, knowledge and practices are then related to power. Power is influenced by particular world views which generate certain ways of acting and marginalise others. For example, sexuality in the Victorian era was monitored, classified and regulated and eventually sexuality was seen as taboo by some and society became obsessed with policing it, then parents obsessed with preventing child masturbation but as years have passed society’s view on sexuality shifted and now see sexuality as something important to our identity and there are professionals who provide help for those who need it which suggests that Power isn’t always about repression but it also produc es opportunities. Foucault studied the forms of power that have dominated us through the years; the monarchical power, disciplinary power and bio power. He suggest that society has no ordered development, no

Sociological Analysis of Racism American History X

Sociological Analysis of American History X: A Breakdown of the Stages of Racism Racism being a common concern for most sociologists is somewhat inevitable and a cause for a large proportion of the problems that occur in the society. American History X (1998) is a film that tells a rather heartrending tale of two brothers that got caught in a ghastly web of bitterness and hatred. Although racism is openly practiced, it isn’t entirely irreversible. The process of escaping from it, however, can be gradual and excruciating. In order to understand how to avoid racism, one needs to understand its foundation. American History X enables us to see all the factors that play into the protagonists’ (Derek and Danny Vineyard’s) lives. The movie†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the minorities do not realize that they are being dominated, until they come face to face with their loss. For example, the Asian immigrant who owned the retail store or the black men that got killed by Derek. The question is: are these social strati the only fuel enraging t hese white Protestants, or are there deeper roots to them? Most killers tend to have scars from the past. Not necessarily physical scars but emotional. One of the reasons Derek felt so much hate toward the black was because one of them had actually killed his father. Hearing this we tend to sympathise with the man. But later on, the movie reveals the atrocious ideologies that the father actually fed to his children by badmouthing black people in front of his family at the dinner table. In a flashback scene, Derek is praising one of his teachers at school who happens to be black and has achieved 2 PhD’s. The father tells Derek not to believe any of the â€Å"bullshit† his teacher teaches him and mentions the â€Å"affirmative blaction† that was executed at his workplace. Two black men that got hired over white men actually scored worse on the test than they did. The black had the advantage of being a minority and the government policy required to overcome ethnic inequality by hiring them in the labour force. The father fi nds the affirmative action to be unjust to the hardworking white men, although his opinion could be argued as biased. He feels threatened andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Fanon s A Dying Colonialism Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesatmosphere that saw an increasing number of African Americans, particularly the younger generation, growing more and more frustrated with the lack of enforcement of the modest but hard-earned civil rights legislation, and the continuing humiliation and attacks on civil rights protesters. The publication year of The Wretched of the Earth was significant in several ways/more than one way. On February 21, Malcolm X was murdered. With him, African Americans lost a leader and role model renowned for hisRead MoreHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. 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Pakistan Framework for Economic Growth Free Essays

string(123) " Foreword Planning Commission is charged with developing growth policy and managing the Public Sector Development Program\." GROW Pakistan QUALITY OF LIFE†¦ †¦ human development †¦ CREATIVE CITIES urban development†¦ QUALITY GOVERNANCE†¦ †¦institutional strengthening †¦ community engagement ENERGETIC YOUTH†¦ †¦ VIBRANT MARKETS †¦ innovation PAKISTAN: FRAMEWORK FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH May 2011 PLANNING COMMISSION GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN My message to you all is of hope, courage and confidence. Let us mobilise all our resources in a systematic and organised way and tackle the grave issues that confront us with grim determination and discipline worthy of a great nation. – Muhammad Ali Jinnah The Planning Commission is pleased to present the Framework for Economic Growth as approved by the National Economic Council in its meeting held on 28 May 2011 under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister of Pakistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Commendations The Growth Strategy is critical to Pakistan’s future – in the medium term, sustained steady growth represents the only hope of addressing poverty and of boosting the livelihoods of all citizens. The strategy is correct that space must be made and maintained for private sector development and that reducing the role and improving the efficiency of government is fundamentally important. This requires deep reform rather than funding, a broad public debate and complete commitment by government. I engaged with the Pakistan Growth Strategy at several stages, commenting on papers and meeting the Deputy Chairman and his colleagues. — Prof. L Alan Winters, Chief Economist, DFID This growth framework concentrates on three key aspects. First, it encourages competitive and inclusive markets. Second, it addresses some long-term structural issues by recommending policies and reforms that will encourage productivity and innovation, promote better urban management, increase connectivity and youth engagement. Third, it outlines a vital role for the government, where it performs regulatory functions to ensure a level playing field for all economic agents, provides the basic infrastructure like water and power and national public goods—such as defence, justice, and security—that are the basic functions of a government. I have been fortunate to be a part of the strategy formulation and look forward to supporting Planning Commission in operationalising this strategy by dialogue especially with the Provincial governments, private sector and civil society. — Dr. Hafiz A. Pasha, Former Finance Minister and Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission This is a great concept paper. I hope it gets the authorisation to workout the detailed plans with the help of all the stakeholders for a sustainable and equitable economic growth. — Mr. Shaukat Tarin, Former Finance Minister Pakistan has no choice but to move in this new direction because the traditional growth model with its emphasis on public investment and government involvement in economic activity has not yielded the high growth rates the country needs to absorb the expanding young labour force. Furthermore, the government faces domestic and foreign financing constraints and it simply cannot afford any longer to undertake large-scale capital expenditures. If adopted, the New Growth Framework has the potential to transform the Pakistan economy into one that can compete effectively with the other high-growth developing economies of the world. — Dr. Mohsin S. Khan, Former Director, IMF 1 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth What has struck me most in the process of developing this growth strategy is ust how much effort has been put into seeking and developing a buy-in for it from multiple and diverse stakeholders and communities. The intense and honest effort that has been invested in trying to create a national conversation around the growth strategy is remarkable, not just for Pakistan but anywhere in the world. Strategies sink and swim, not only by their intellectual content but also by the political and societal support that they command. I applaud the architects of this strategy for having worked so tirelessly in creating a base of public understanding for the economic problems Pakistan faces and a broad-based national conversation on the type of solutions that are needed. — Dr. Adil Najam, Professor, Boston University I have been intimately involved with planning in Pakistan for 13 years, and with planning in Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Egypt for over 10 years. I have seen at very close hand how each of these countries responded to the specific challenges that circumstances imposed on them. I must go on record that in view of the constraints impacting on the Pakistan economy, the strategy proposed by the Planning Commission is a brilliant answer to a most difficult situation. It seeks to generate the rapid growth that is absolutely necessary; it seeks to do this with a minimum of public sector resources; it seeks to do this while increasing the productivity of the economy; and it seeks to do this in the most efficient manner. I am very proud to be associated with the present effort in Pakistan to develop a growth strategy that could help the country work its way through a most dangerous period. — Dr. Khalid Ikram, Former Advisor, World Bank It was indeed a pleasure to have been associated with Dr. Nadeem Ul Haque and the planning Commission on the formulation of Growth Strategy. I appreciate the challenging task initiated by the Honorable Minister for Planning Development Division. — Dr. Nuzhat Ahmed, Director, Applied Economics Research Centre, Karachi I t was indeed an honour (for me) to visit Planning Commission and be part of the team engaged in drafting the document – Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth (also called the New Growth Strategy). The Economic plan proposed in the New Growth Strategy identifies major problems faced by the country and suggests policies to be implemented in the medium- to long-term to redirect the economy to its potential level of growth (above 7 percent per annum). The main focus of the proposed policies is, for Pakistan to achieve a sustainable growth through improving productivity and efficiency of the economic factors. I commend the growth team for completing a comprehensive document in a short period. Finally, I fully endorse the proposed economic plan under the Framework for Economic Growth. ——Dr. Ahmed M. Khalid, Professor, Johns Hopkins Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 2 Foreword Planning Commission is charged with developing growth policy and managing the Public Sector Development Program. You read "Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth" in category "Papers" In keeping with this mandate, I have the honour and the privilege to present the New Growth Framework (NGF)—a strategy that seeks accelerated and sustained growth and development based on economic reform and an emphasis on productivity. The NGF is based on widespread local and international consultation developing strong local ownership for a quality development strategy that is informed by the best knowledge and analysis available. Pakistan has struggled with a chronic fiscal problem often sacrificing growth for shortterm stabilisation. Examples in this regard are frequent reliance on distortionary tax and tariff policies and the instrument of first choice for controlling expenditures—a cut in development budget. Yet, our growth policy is little more than development projects and some ‘incentives’ to industry, agriculture and exports. While incentives have hindered fiscal consolidation, sustained high growth has eluded us. Our development projects for building required human and physical infrastructure have not been able to impact growth and private investment because of continued cuts and inappropriate project selection. While the projects do generate employment and economic activity in the first instance, they lack strategic direction and coherence that is required for sustained high growth and the delivery of sustainable development benefits. We have a young and growing population. Growth has been sporadic and inflation remains a problem. Our calculations also suggest that if we do not accelerate growth to over 7 per cent per annum on a sustained basis, the coming increases in labour force cannot be absorbed. Unfortunately, for the past four years per capita incomes have barely grown. Past data suggests that our long run growth is close to 5 per cent per annum. At this rate of growth, a very large percentage of the youth bulge will not find employment. New approach to growth is required which has the potential to sustain high growth levels remaining within fiscal limits. Accelerating the economic growth rate and sustaining it at a high rate must therefore be treated as a national priority. And this must be achieved when resources are scarce as the country deals with a severe fiscal problem! The old paradigm of project- and government-led growth has to change. This reasoning has led the Planning Commission towards rethinking the traditional growth narrative in Pakistan. Our â€Å"growth diagnostics† reveal several factors that increase the costs of making transactions in Pakistan. Today international indicators suggest that Pakistan has more of a software (management and productivity) problem than a shortage of hardware (physical infrastructure). The strategy emphasizes the need to reduce 3 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth economic distortions; improve functioning of domestic markets; create space in cities through proper zoning; energising youth; engaging communities; inducing investment in human and social capital; and enhancing connectivity and interactivity. Vibrant cities in an enabling environment will be the hotspot for entrepreneurship and innovation, assuring better returns through improved productivity on investments for all investors. In this context it must be understood that the urban-rural divide and the classification of cities has undergone a paradigm shift through demographic changes and the new ‘cities’ of Pakistan which occupy a large part of the landscape. I would like to acknowledge and appreciate the hard work of the Growth Team and staff of the Planning Commission which was put in towards the preparation of this national document. I extend the sincere gratitude of the Planning Commission to our partners (donors, civil society organisations, and academia) who have been a source of guidance through out this process. Implementing the growth strategy will require serious, sustained and disciplined reform over the next few years. A process of reform beginning with the Planning Commission has been outlined. Reform is a continuing process and it needs to be institutionalised! Dr. Nadeem Ul Haque Deputy Chairman Planning Commission 28 May 2011 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 4 Abbreviations AERC ADB BASA BV BISP BOI CAA CCI CCOR CCP CDA CDWP CEO CLL CLOT CORFO CPRSPD CSR DDWP DFID EDB ECNEC EFA EOBI ESSI EU FBR FDI FLL GDP GER GIK GST HCM HEC ICOR ICT IIT IIM IMF IPDF IPO IT IU JNR KCR KCDR KPI LECG LPI MDG Applied Economic Research Council Asian Development Bank Bilateral Air Service Agreements Banverket Benazir Income Support Programme Board of Investment Civil Aviation Authority Council of Common Interest Cabinet Committee on Restructuring Competition Commission of Pakistan Capital Development Authority Central Development Working Party Chief Executive Officer Concurrent Legislative List Center for Liver Disease and Organ Transplant Chile’s Technology Business and Incubation Program Centre for Poverty Reduction and Strengthening Social Policy Development Corporate Social Responsibility Departmental Development Working Party Department for International Development Engineering Development Board Executive Committee of National Economic Council Education for All development index Employees’ Old-Age Benefit Institute Employee Social Security Institute European Union Federal Board of Revenue Foreign Direct Investment Federal Legislative List Gross Domestic Product Gross Enrollment Ratio (Page 57) Is it Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute? General Sales Tax Human Capital Management Higher Education Commission Incremental Capital Output Ratio Information and Communication Technology Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Management International Monetary Fund Infrastructure Project Development Facility Intellectual Property Office Information Technology Innovation Union Japan National Railway Karachi Circular Railways Karachi Centre for Dispute Resolution Key Performance Indicators Law and Economics Consulting Group Logistics Performance Index Millennium Development Goals 5 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth MOC MFN MTBF MTDF MTEF MTOE NADRA NAVTEC NCGR NEC NER NEPRA NGO NFC NHA NIA NIF NIP NTB NTC NTCIP NTN PaCCS PARC PASSCO PDF PERI PIA PIDE PHDEB PKR PPP PSDP PSE PTA RD RBM SBP SECP SJ SME SRO TARP TCP TFP TVE TVET UK UNDP UNICEF UNIDO USA USC WAPDA WWF YES YSLP Ministry of Commerce Most Favoured Nation Medium-Term Budgetary Framework Medium-Term Development Framework Medium-Term Expenditure Framework Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent National Database and Registration Authority National Vocational and Technical Education Commission National Commission for Governance Reforms National Economic Council Net Enrolment Rate National Electric Power Regulatory Authority Non Government Organisation National Finance Commission National Highway Authority National Innovation Agency (Thailand) National Innovation Fund National Internship Program Non-Tariff Barriers National Trade Commission National Trade Corridor Improvement Program National Tax Number Pakistan Automated Customs Computerized System Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Pakistan Agricultural Storage and Services Corporation Pakistan Development Review Pakistan Economic Research Institute Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Pakistan Horticulture De velopment and Export Board Pakistani Rupee Public Private Partnership Public Sector Development Program Public Sector Enterprises Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Research and Development Results Based Management State Bank of Pakistan Security Exchange of Pakistan Statens Jarnvagar Small and Medium Enterprise Statutory Regulatory Order Tax Administration Reform Project Trade Corporation of Pakistan Total Factor Productivity Town And Village Enterprises Technical and Vocational Education and Training United Kingdom United Nations Development Program United Nations International Children’s Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organisation United States of America Utility Stores Corporation Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority World Wide Fund Youth Engagement Services Youth Service Learning Program Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 6 Contents List of Figures List of Tables and Boxes Executive Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Breaking Out of Our Past Rethin king Our Growth Paradigm Spotlight: Productivity and Innovation Building a Government for the 21st Century Deepening and Maintaining Openness Vibrant and Competitive Markets Creative Cities Connecting to Compete Youth and Community Engagement Implementation: RBM Appendix – Action Matrices Appendix – Consultations for Growth Strategy 8 9 10 17 28 38 57 74 84 93 108 119 129 136 145 7 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Regional Economic Growth 1961–2009 Growth Volatility: Real GDP – Coefficient of Variation Investment and Savings as per cent of GDP, 1971–2009 Structural Transformation 1970–2010 Exports, Imports and Current Account 1980s–2000s Per Capita GDP Growth and Poverty Head Count, 1997–2005 Projected Labour Force Size and its Composition (Millions) Falling Incomes and Rising Unemployment, 2001-09 Pakistan: Targeted Vs. Actual Economic Growth Binding Constraints First Growth Accounting in Pakistan by Decades, 1961-2005 (%) Cross Country Comparison of Labour Productivity Growth (%) Financial Sector Indicators 2000-2007 Impact of Governan ce on Firm Performance Percentage of Firms Offering Formal Trainings Connectivity–Growth Nexus Impact of Regulatory Quality and Rule of Law on Productivity Reorienting the Role of Government Directions in Reforming Governance Budgetary Expenditures Reformed Power Sector Structure Pakistan Trade Liberalisation: A Story of Stalled Reform Comparison of Logistics Performance Pakistan: Real Effective Exchange Rate (2005=100) Share in GDP and Growth of Domestic Commerce, 2000-10 The Most Problematic Factors for Doing Business, 2010 Time Cost of Enforcing a Contract, 2009 (days and % of claim) Housing Sector Issues Governance for Cities Issues Faced by Pakistani Youth and Global Talent Rankings Age Distribution of Population and Education Profile Youth Employment and Illiteracy in Selected Countries Classification of Labour Force Youth Unemployment (%) 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 29 32 38 39 40 46 49 54 57 58 59 63 71 76 80 82 86 87 92 103 105 120 122 122 123 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 8 List of Tables and Boxes Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 Box 4 Box 5 Box 6 Box 7 Box 8 Box 9 Box 10 Box 11 Box 12 Box 13 Box 14 Box 15 Box 16 Box 17 Box 18 Box 19 Box 20 Box 21 Box 22 Box 23 Box 24 Box 25 Box 26 Growth, Investment Savings 1971 – 2009 (Annual Average) Overall Infrastructure Quality (Out of 139 countries) Property Rights, Markets and Technology (Out of 139 countries) Labour Productivity by Sector, 2007 Yield Gaps of Major Crops, 2008 Productivity Indicators, Actual and Projected, 1981–2030 Improvement in Doing Business, 2009 Average Years of Schooling Subsidies by Federal Government 2005-10 Losses in the Power Sector Subsidy on Gas Demand Forecast for Short-term Average Amount Saved By Business, 2009 Growing Population in Cities Connectivity Scorecard Rankings Economic Growth and Social Safety Institutions Matter! Learning from Growth Experience around the World! Who i s Listed at Karachi Stock Exchange? Innovation Councils Current Status of Restructuring The Four Phases of Civil Service Reform in Sri Lanka Monetisation of Perks Advantage of Large Cities – Case of Shanghai, China Major Types of Zoning Observed in Modern Cities Zoning Breakdown and Regulations in Islamabad Dubai Zoning Commercialisation of Fees in Karachi Impact of Density and High-Rise Rent Control Legislation and Disincentives for Renting Property Endogenous Growth through Connectivity Contribution of Social and Human Networks towards Growth Case Studies on Railways Restructuring Sachivalaya Vahini or e-governance in Karnataka Brain Drain Issues Faced by Pakistani Youth and Global Talent Rankings National Internship Programme Youth is a Solution, Not a Problem! Success of Orangi Post 18th Amendment of Governance of Education and Health Integrated RBM– the Malaysian Experience 21 33 35 40 42 47 47 52 62 72 72 73 91 96 109 24 30 34 45 56 61 65 67 94 97 98 99 100 102 104 109 110 114 117 118 121 124 124 125 126 133 9 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth Executive Summary Pakistan faces many challenges at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Decades-long struggle with macroeconomic stabilisation arising from unsustainable fiscal policies Pressure of demography Legacy of economic distortions Battering from external events, including earthquakes, floods and a continuing longstanding low intensity conflict A large and loss-making public sector that impedes market development Low and declining productivity Heightened expectations of the population for a better life from a democratic government. Our growth experience of the last four decades has been volatile annual growth and declining trend in long run growth patterns. In addition, productivity growth (a measure of efficiency) has been low in comparison to our comparators. For the last four years per-capita incomes have not increased in real terms while double-digit inflation has prevailed. Our growth policy has been based on public sector projects and arbitrary incentives– subsidy and protection. The project selection process has considerably blunted the efficiency of infrastructure development while the system of incentives has not allowed the development of a vibrant and competitive marketplace. This growth strategy is a new approach to accelerating economic growth and sustaining it. It has been developed with world renowned experts and all the stakeholders following extensive research and consultation. Our consultations clearly identified the need to develop a coherent approach to growth that goes well beyond projects and targets public service delivery, productivity, competitive markets, innovation and entrepreneurship. The strategy is based on sustained reform that builds efficient and knowledgeable governance structures, and markets in desirable, attractive and well-connected locations. It recognises the severe resource constraint that the country faces and therefore focuses on ‘productivity’— improving the efficiency with which assets are used. Global indicators such as ‘competitiveness’ and ‘cost of doing business’ also highlight factors such as ‘management’, ‘innovation’, ‘quality of regulation and governance’ and ‘research and development’, as the more immediate constraints to growth. The thrust of this strategy, therefore, is to focus on the ‘software’ of economic growth (issues of economic governance, institutions, incentives, human resources, etc. ) Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 10 o as to provide an environment in which the ‘hardware’ of growth (physical inf rastructure) could be expanded and made more productive at every level. The strategy argues that growth drivers such as entrepreneurship and innovation could be greatly encouraged by reforming and strengthening institutions such as the civil service, legal and judicial framework, the taxation system etc. The strategy also proposes measures, such as a reform of the restrictive zoning laws, which have impeded the growth of domestic commerce and hampered the role of cities as generators of economic growth. The aggregate of such programs would vastly improve the investment climate, reduce the cost of doing business, increasing the profitability of enterprises and encouraging them to expand. The strategy also focuses on the improvement of productivity by, for example, increasing competitiveness in the market by easing the entry and exit of firms. In short, the strategy aims to increase investment in the country and to make investment more productive. The strategy proposes special programs to support key parts of the population, such as youth, who suffer disproportionately from unemployment. Targeting Growth Around 68% of Pakistan’s population is regarded as youth (under 30 years). Many of them are now coming into the labour force, increasing the size of the workforce by over 3 per cent annually. It is estimated that to absorb the youth bulge productively, Pakistan’s real GDP needs to grow at an annual average rate in excess of 7 per cent. The strategy recognises that the country cannot jump immediately to these high rates of growth from the current low growth rate of about 3 per cent per annum. †¢ At the first stage, efforts will be undertaken to revive the economy to its shortterm potential GDP growth rate of about 5–6 per cent a year. If issues regarding energy governance are resolved and some credible macro stability reached–this could be achieved in a short time. The strategy also suggests deep and sustained reforms–in areas such as public sector management, developing competitive markets, urban management and connecting people and places—as a way forward for accelerating growth to above 7 per cent. †¢ What Constrains Pakistan’s Economic Growth? Growth diagnostics point to two important constraints to economic growth: 1. Inadequate market development, (lack of competition, tax, tariff and policy distortions, entry barriers, government involvement, poor regulation, etc. ), and 2. Lack of efficient public sector management to (a) provide core governance goods such as security of life, property, transaction and contract, (b) facilitate markets 11 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth and investment with informed policy and competent regulation, and (c) promote deepening of physical, human and social infrastructure. This growth strategy is informed by the latest in economic thinking and seeks to strengthen both government and markets. It is not a ‘government versus markets’ approach but a ‘government and markets’ approach. An efficient government underpins a vibrant market. Much of the proposed reform is to get the roles of government and market in balance to develop efficiency within and between the two. The Need for Productivity Economic growth happens through the accumulation of labour and capital and through the efficient allocation of these assets—known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The contribution of productivity in the growth of Pakistan’s GDP has been less than impressive. During the period 1960 to 2005, 80 per cent of the GDP growth rate in Pakistan was explained by capital accumulation and labour expansion and only 20 per cent by TFP. Labour productivity in Pakistan is growing at a comparatively lower rate than neighbouring countries. Research suggests several reasons, including market quality, poor governance, limited urban development, inadequate education, lack of competitive goods and factor markets, inadequate foreign competition and limited research and development capacity. Systems need to be built for monitoring and measuring productivity to motivate reform for sustained efficiency increases. Building a Better Government Our analysis and consultations have shown poor governance and dysfunctional markets to be among the most important reasons why growth in Pakistan has not achieved a sustained acceleration. Currently the government is an active player in every sector, as a direct market participant and competitor, obstructing private sector entry. The footprint of the government has been estimated to be as large as over 50 per cent of the national income, making it very difficult for the private sector to expand. Research by the Competition Commission of Pakistan has also established that government intervention is impeding the development of competitive markets. Better government should be established following a two-pronged approach a) reorienting the role of government–which focuses on an exit from markets and deeper deregulation, and b) improving public sector management–which includes reforming civil service, improving resource mobilisation, elimination of untargeted subsidies (particularly to loss making public sector enterprises), efficient public investment through results-based management. Deepening and Maintaining Openness While announcing export promotion in some sectors, policy has relied heavily on import substitution in others. Consumers have paid the price for these policies, through taxation for export subsidies and through high prices and sacrifice of quality goods where import substitution policies prevail. Meanwhile, innovation and entrepreneurship have suffered as the incentives are skewed in favour of lobbyists (rent seekers) rather than reliance on competitive markets. Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 12 The growth strategy advocates liberalisation of trade and investment regime to be a critical ingredient for sustained economic growth that in turn creates jobs, and raises productivity and wages. Unfortunately heavy protectionism was reintroduced in Pakistan during the second half of 2000–10, which brought back distortions in the overall trading system. Major distortionary policies adopted include (a) reversal of tariff cuts and increased tariff dispersion, (b) reversal of a number of liberalising reforms in agriculture, notably in wheat, sugar and fertilizer policies, (c) high and steeply escalated tariffs in specific industries, e. g. the auto-industry, following strengthened intervention by the EDB, (d) active use of WTO compatible regulations to restrict imports—including quasi-import licensing mechanism, (e) introduction and rapid expansion of anti-dumping practices, and (f) continuation of the long standing ban on imports from India. The growth strategy recommends a) re-establishment of the unilateral trade liberalisation program, b) immediate abolition of the present system of distortive regulatory duties (SROs) that interfere with the tariff structure, c) maintain, de minimis, a neutral real exchange rate policy, d) immediate abolition of the ad-hoc system of quasi-import licensing being administered by EDB and various line ministries, e) thorough review of the economic justification for sectors/industries benefiting from above normal protection and/or subsidies, export subsidies, export taxes, and anti-dumping practices, and f) all economic policies including industrial and trade policies should be in line with the intentions defined in this growth strategy. Vibrant and Competitive Markets The growth strategy presents a clear road map for developing vibrant markets. Public enterprise reform and privatisation where necessary, will make space for increased entrepreneurship. Several markets require the government to move from producing and directly participating in markets to just regulation. For example, the current regulatory framework represses domestic commerce (retailing, warehousing, and transport) and construction and city development. Heavy government direct participation in agriculture, storage, transport, construction, to name a few, is stifling investment. Openness and city development combined with focussed public sector management would go a long way towards developing innovative markets. Creative Cities Almost half of the world’s population lives in cities, producing more than 80% of global GDP. Dense high-rise cities are more productive, more inclusive and offer more than suburban sprawls which our city-planning paradigm favours at the cost of agriculture and the environment. In order to make cities as hubs of commerce, our growth strategy proposes a) relaxing of zoning and building regulations to allow space for mixed-use activities, energy efficiency, and facilitate vertical expansion of cities, b) privatising unproductive state owned land, c) encouraging foreign developers to compete in the Pakistani market, and d) focusing on research and development in low-cost energy efficient construction techniques. 13 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth Connecting to Compete Commercial activity requires dense well-connected cities and communities. Connectivity is critical stratagem of the growth framework. While our PSDP has built physical infrastructure, given significant fiscal constraints, private investors should be encouraged to participate in development projects. In this regard, rules pertaining to project approvals, land acquisition and NHA Act must be revisited in line with promoting public-private partnership. Government should also consider its current policy of rewarding the loss-making enterprises such as NLC, Railways, and PIA etc. for their inefficiencies through consistent subsidies. Competition should also be encouraged at the domestic level by limiting regulators’ role to regulating, e. g. CAA should not be responsible for running the airports but should concentrate on policy formulation and its implementation. Commercial routes, whether railroad or aviation, where multiple operators cannot operate due to congestion or some other limitations must be auctioned instead of giving a preferential treatment to any individual operator. In order to facilitate businesses, the country’s custom posts should be automated so that clearance time could be reduced. Custom processes at dry ports should be computerised in order to reduce congestion at the seaports. Pakistan will have to keep pace with trends in international connectivity. This will require strong efforts. Government should also pass electronic signatures act which should provide legal cover to the use of digital IDs. The use of ICT services, if encouraged across the board in the public and private sectors can greatly reduce the costs related to transport and logistics. Youth and Community Engagement The youth bulge is becoming eminent in coming years and it will change the age structure of the labour force over the next couple of decades. More than a third of youth currently lives in urban areas and their share is expected to reach 50 per cent by 2030. Compared to other growing economies of the region, Pakistan has a relatively large proportion (32%) of uneducated youth mostly with no vocational and life skills, who end up in elementary occupations or remain either unemployed or inactive. There is a need to provide for their health, education, and livelihood, and engage them in activities which convert their latent energy into positive outcomes for family, community, state and the global community. This is only possible through provision of quality basic and college education, market led skills development, instituting National Youth Service Policy Reforms, redesigning and rezoning cities to create space for youth, promoting nano- and micro-youth enterprises at local level through targeted youth entrepreneurship programs in major civic centres, promoting youth citizenship through civic engagement, promotion and continuum of youth sports and activities that encourage and support the development of active and engaged young people, National Youth Volunteer Services, programs to foster youth reproductive and general health, and establishment of Youth Service Learning Program with the help of educational institutions and civil society that integrates community and social service with academics. Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 14 Implementation: Results Based Management â€Å"Who will implement? † is probably the most frequently asked question in Pakistan. This is so, because many good policy proposals and plans have been prepared but were never actualised. Our consultations have shown us that one reason implementation is poor in Pakistan is because plans are expected to be implemented by the very system that needs change. More often, there is no process or system in place for making change happen. The new vision for economic growth will require: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Periodic identification of emerging constraints to economic growth through research and dialogue with all sectors and stakeholders Consensus building through extensive consultations on the reforms and programmes that will be required for alleviating these constraints Building a system for measuring productivity and public service delivery Developing and monitoring quantifiable plans regularly Under the post-18th Amendment milieu, the Planning system will exercise control over the development process through: †¢ †¢ Consultation, setting medium-term and annual development objectives for the government and for relevant ministries Identification of key economic reforms that are required for these objectives, development of quantitative indicators (which can be monitored) for these reforms and monitoring and reporting on them to government and the people Specifying government- and ministry-level reporting requirements for development results and their costs, to ensure accountability and track progress Strengthening the capacity of ministries and, by interaction and evaluation, ensuring that their strategies and services support national development priorities Developing capacity of planning system to act as an institution that develops and oversees the government’s reforms agenda †¢ †¢ †¢ Six critical changes have been identified that need to be introduced to strengthen the linkage between the Planning Commission and government performance. These are: 1. Strengthen the Medium-Term Development Framework (MTDF) and the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for setting medium-term priorities in line with growth strategy and reforms agenda 2. Support a unified results-based budget preparation process 3. Decentralise responsibility for projects to line ministries 4. Redefine the Planning Commission’s role and processes in respect of major capital projects 5. Establish a results-based monitoring and evaluation system. 6. Planning Commission should lead the reform and change process through identification and advocacy of critically required changes in policies. 15 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 16 1 Breaking Out of Our Past ‘Some men tend to cling to old intellectual excitements, just as some belles, when they are old ladies, still cling to the fashions and coiffures of their exciting youth. – Jane Jacobs At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century, Pakistan faces many challenges: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Decades-long struggle with macroeconomic stabilisation arising from unsustainable fiscal policies Pressures of demogr aphy Legacy of economic distortions from previous policies Battering from external events, including earthquakes, floods and a continuing war Low and declining productivity Heightened expectations of the population for a better life from a democratic government We need a bold new approach to seek sustainable and inclusive development and we must do this bearing in mind the resource constraint arising from our difficult fiscal situation. Goals and Objectives Growth strategy must be bold, seeking to generate opportunities The goal is to maximise opportunity for all citizens so that they can obtain a better life through their hard work and ingenuity. Pakistan’s population, until recently, was growing at 3 per cent annually, however is now increasing at an annual rate of about 2 per cent. As a result, our labour force is expected to grow at over 3 per cent annually over the coming years. To absorb this addition to the labour force, the GDP needs to grow at a rate of around 7 to 8 per cent annually and must be sustained in the coming decades. 1 The growth strategy must be bold, seeking to generate opportunities— employment and entrepreneurial (self-employment) opportunities. This is the policy goal! Recent thinking on growth indicates that growth generators need not be governments, but cities, asset classes, commodities, products, firms and people. Growth should not be difficult for those starting far behind since the recipe is long known and well established; give the vibrant young people quality education, new ideas and high ideals, strive for institutions that support free and fair markets, create a professional, well trained civil service, achieve economies of scale through a large domestic market and Goal is to maximise opportunity for citizens through hard work and ingenuity A number of studies have shown that the elasticity of employment with respect to GDP growth is about 0. 5. This means that a one percentage point increase in the GDP growth rate leads to a one-half percentage point increase in employment. 1 17 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth open up for trade and investment; and, keep public spending on infrastructure and social sectors limited and focused only to critical and essential projects. 2 A Past of Volatile Growth and Poor Economic Governance The history of global economic growth indicates that: a) past five decades have seen extraordinary growth worldwide, b) many developing countries sustained rapid growth for extended periods and achieved substantial increases in incomes for their populations, c) for the most part this growth came from policy reforms that provided macroeconomic stability, encouraged markets and embraced greater openness to trade and investment, d) there exist examples where high growth has been maintained for over quarter of a century (Japan 1951–88, China 1979–03, Korea 1954–98), and e) most of the extended declines in per capita income involve a collapse in governance. 3 Between 1972 and 2010, Pakistan’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of about 4. 9 per cent. However, our growth was volatile and showed a declining trend (Figure 1). In contrast, other regional economies such as India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, showed less volatility (particularly in recent years) and more importantly the trend in growth rate in these countries was increasing overtime. Figure 1 Regional Economic Growth 1961–2009 Between 1972 and 2010, our GDP grew at an average annual rate of about 4. 9 per cent. However, growth was volatile and on a declining trend Source: World Development Indicators W Buiter and E Rahbari, ‘Global Growth Generators: Moving beyond Emerging Markets and BRIC’, Global Economics View, Citigroup Global Markets, February 2011. 3 NH Stern, JJ Detheir FH Rogers, Growth and Empowerment: Making Development Happen, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2005. 2 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 18 Figure 2 further reinforces two important features of volatility of growth in Pakistan: †¢ First the coefficient of variation (a measure of fluctuation in relation to the average) is higher for Pakistan than that of other regional economies, particularly for more recent periods Second Pakistan’s variation occurs around a declining trend rate †¢ Together these highlight increasing uncertainty in our economic outlook. In turn, this uncertainty deters investment. Figure 2 Growth Volatility: Real GDP – Coefficient of Variation Source: Computed from UNDP Data Contemporary thinking in economic growth literature explains that key determinants of growth today are economic governance and human capital. 4 The usual variables such as investment and savings should be regarded as endogenous to the system. This implies that we are in search of factors that allow space and freedom to invest productively. Economic growth is delivered and assets are accumulated through competitive markets and use of existing and new technology, productivity-inducing knowledge and business models. Key determinants of growth today are economic governance and human capital This view in no manner understates the importance of capital formation overtime. Figure 3 points to two important reasons for Pakistan’s relatively slower GDP growth compared with countries in its neighbourhood. †¢ First, it has been investing a smaller share of its GDP than its neighbours. In virtually all countries in our region, the ratio of investment to GDP has shown a steady increase between 1971 and 2009 Second, the share shows signs of decline †¢ K Ward, The World in 2050, HSBC Global Research, January 2011. See also RJ Barro, ‘Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-country Empirical Study’, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 822-824 and World Bank Policy Research Report, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy, World Bank, 1993. 4 19 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth A crucial question for accelerating GDP growth in Pakistan, therefore, is how to raise the investment rate, and how to increase its productivity so that the country can derive higher output at each level of investment. These are the two critical issues that this growth strategy is designed to address. Investment and Savings as per cent of GDP, 1971–2009 Figure 3 Source: World Development Indicators On a sustainable basis, while a certain amount of investment can be financed through an inflow of foreign resources (whether as external assistance or commercial borrowing), the bulk of investment must be financed by domestic savings. In this area also, Pakistan has performed less satisfactorily than many of its neighbours. During the past four decades (1971–2009) the ratio of fixed investment to GDP averaged only about 17 per cent, and the ratio of domestic savings to GDP merely 12 per cent. This performance compares poorly with the neighbouring countries (see Table 1). A sustainable basis requires bulk of investment to be financed by domestic savings and not through inflow of foreign resources Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 20 Table 1 Country China India Malaysia Indonesia Thailand Pakistan Growth, Investment Savings 1971–2009 (Annual Average) GDP Growth (%) 9. 1 5. 3 6. 4 6. 0 5. 9 4. 9 Fixed Investment to GDP 32. 2 23. 9 27. 4 25. 9 29. 5 16. 6 Domestic Savings to GDP 37. 9 22. 0 35. 0 29. 2 28. 8 11. 9 ICOR 3. 5 4. 5 4. 3 4. 3 5. 0 3. 4 Source: World Development Indicators The gap between Pakistan’s domestic savings and its investment means that about one-third of the country’s fixed investment was financed by foreign resources. The corollary to this reliance on foreign savings was that the performance of Pakistan’s GDP became significantly dependent on the availability of such resources — a phenomenon that maintained boom-bust cycles. Foreign injections have on occasion led to sharp upward spikes in growth rate. However, because the resources were not channelled into productive investments, GDP growth has not been sustained beyond periods of external inflows. 5 No strong relationship between public investment and economic growth It has also been argued that there was no strong relationship between public investment and economic growth,6 but it appears that public investment did have some effect in attracting private investment. The episodes of slowdown in the investment rate have also been associated with frequent changes of political regimes and economic policies, and balance of payments volatility. 8 How the Economy has Evolved Services sub-sectors are more value-added, more labour-intensive and have greater potential of growth The economic structure has changed and way forward must seek to build on the ongoing structural transformation. Figure 4 shows that while in the past agriculture was the largest sector in the economy, today it is services. By 2010, the share of agriculture had dropped to about 20 per cent, while that of services exceeded 50 per cent. These changes have significant implications for the growth of productivity and employment. The services sub-sectors by definition are more value-added, more V Ahmed and C O’Donoghue, ‘External Shocks in a Small Open Economy: A CGE-Microsimulation Analysis’, The Lahore Journal of Economics, vol. 15, no. 1, 2010, pp. 45-90. 6 E Ghani and Musleh-ud-Din, ‘The Impact of Public Investment on Economic Growth in Pakistan’, Pakistan Development Review, vol. 45, no. 1, 2006, pp. 87–98. 7 SNH Naqvi, ‘Crowding-in or Crowding-out? Modelling the Relationship between Public and Private Fixed Capital Formation Using Co-integration Analysis: The Case of Pakistan 1964 – 2000’, Pakistan Development Review, vol. 41, no. 3, 2002, pp. 255–276. 8 SM Naseem, ‘Political Economy of Structural Reforms in Pakistan’, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research, Working Papers, Bangkok, 2008. 5 21 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth abour-intensive and have greater potential of growth even under repressive circumstances which lead to curbing of growth in agriculture and industry. Figure 4 Structural Transformation 1970–2010 Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan, various issues Our ability to do business with other countries has also remained uncertain. The trade regime in Pakistan was never grounded in an overarching growth paradigm. We have seen phases of import substitutions, export orientation and revival back towards protectionism. †¢ Figure 5 illustrates the near-stagnancy in the structure of the trade sector. Exports and imports as a percentage of GDP have not changed much in the past three decades. In fact, the ratio of exports to GDP has declined from the average levels seen in the 1990s. Within the structure of exports it has been difficult for the industrial sector to diversify away from textile manufactures—which again were low-value-added. Pakistani exports are narrowly concentrated geographically, which makes them vulnerable to economic crises in economies such as the United States and the European Union. Finally, policy in Pakistan sought to boost exports through controls on domestic market. These controls included examples such as curbs on domestic consumption, resource utilisation and allocation and market development. 9 The trade regime in Pakistan was never grounded in an overarching growth paradigm †¢ †¢ Exports have failed to diversify †¢ NU Haque, ‘Beyond Planning and Mercantilism: An Evaluation of Pakistan’s Growth Strategy’, Pakistan Development Review, vol. 45, no. , 2006, pp. 3–48. 9 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 22 Figure 5 Exports, Imports and Current Account 1980s–2000s Source: Econo mic Survey of Pakistan, various issues Inclusive and Sustained Growth is a Policy Imperative! Every year Pakistan adds the equivalent of a New Zealand to its population; every two years, a Switzerland; every three years, a Greece; every four, a Chile or a Netherlands; and every five, an Australia. Pakistan must get on to a path of high and sustained GDP growth as soon as possible. The size, growth, and age distribution of the country’s population demands this. Every year Pakistan adds the equivalent of a New Zealand to ts population; every two years, a Switzerland; every three years, a Greece; every four years, a Chile or a Netherlands; and every five years, an Australia. And of course, while it adds these populations, it does not add the assets and institutions of these countries. Another important reason for the country to get onto a sustained high-growth path is the objective of alleviating poverty. Rapid increase in the GDP has proved to be a necessary (even if not suffic ient) condition in every country that has managed to reduce poverty by a substantial amount. However, it is not only a high rate of growth that is required, which must also be sustained. As was discussed previously, the bulge in Pakistan’s working age population is likely to continue for at least 30 years, and these additional numbers need to be provided employment. It is evident from Pakistan’s recent growth experience that growth has caused a significant change in poverty levels. Between 1996-97 and 2001-02 low growth in per capita GDP resulted in an increase in poverty, which started to decline sharply as per capita income grew during the period 2004-05 to 2005-06 (Figure 6). Alleviating poverty is only possible if GP increases at a pace which caters for population growth 23 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth Figure 6 Per Capita GDP Growth and Poverty Head Count, 1997–2005 Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan, various issues It is estimated that between 1979–88 and 1988–94 the growth effect contributed around 84. 9 per cent and 61. 1 per cent reduction in poverty. 10 It has also been shown that during the period 1992-93 to 2005-06 growth had a significant impact on reducing poverty while the redistributive effect was weaker. 11 These results suggest that if additional measures to improve the distribution of income had been taken, the decline in poverty would have been much larger. The strategy aims to make growth more inclusive and thereby speed up the movement out of poverty. Box 1 Economic Growth and Social Safety The strategy aims to make growth more inclusive and speed up the movement out of poverty To complement the Growth Strategy, the government has already developed an effective and widely respected social safety net—The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP). It is attempting to meet several needs. First, it is based on cash transfers to help in smoothening household consumption and investing in human capital. Second, objective and transparent social safety nets have a positive impact on social cohesion, which assists connectivity (see the discussion on connectivity and its benefits later in this report). Third, the presence of an effective and targeted social safety net allows the government to avoid suboptimal economic policies (for example price subsidies) that interfere with the functioning of the markets; this is especially important in the power and agriculture sectors. Finally, social safety nets, such as cash transfers, community grants, or public works, help revitalise crisis-affected communities by filling in deficiencies in demand and kick-starting markets that may have shrunk or even closed down. All these factors influence both short-term and long-term economic growth through their impact on employment and productivity. 10 AH Khan and AS Azhar, ‘Decomposition of Changes in Poverty Measures: Sectoral and Institutional Considerations for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper of Pakistan’, Pakistan Development Review, vol. 42, no. 4 (Part II), 2003, pp. 879–892. 11 AR Cheema and MH Sial, ‘Estimating the Contributions of Growth And Redistribution to Changes in Poverty in Pakistan’, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, vol. 48, no. 2, 2010, pp. 279-306 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 24 Therefore, for a country with Pakistan’s experience of substantial fluctuations in the GDP growth rate, protecting the poor and the vulnerable not only mandates a high and sustained growth of GDP in the future, but this protection, in turn, can also support a higher growth rate. Unless Pakistan can sustain a high level of growth, its streets are likely to be crowded with young men and women desperately seeking jobs, justice, education, and medical attention for themselves and their families and demoralised by not finding them The age-distribution of the population provides another imperative for acting quickly. Nearly 50 per cent of Pakistan’s population is below 20 years of age and over 60 per cent below 30 years. With growing unemployment, these youths become disconnected from the country’s economy and disaffected with its political structure, and are vulnerable to the blandishments of extremists. The demographic projections in Figure 7 show this ‘youth bulge’ will continue to dominate the population for another 30–35 years. Unless Pakistan can sustain a high level of growth of its GDP, its streets are likely to be crowded with young men and women desperately seeking jobs, justice, education and medical attention for themselves and their families, and will eventually be demoralised by not finding them–a breeding ground for anarchy. Figure 7 Projected Labour Force Size and its Composition (Millions) Source: Based on Medium Variant, UN 2005 The demographic conditions are sufficiently important to warrant a more extended discussion. The population of Pakistan is projected to reach over 350 million by 2050. 12 It is not just the size but its age structure that is important. The number of those aged 0–14 years will start to stagnate after 2035 (due to fertility decline), but the number of the working age group (15–64 years) and the elderly (65 and above) will continue to increase (population echo /momentum). It is the increasing numbers in the working age group that might provide an economic opportunity for the country. By 2050, more than 236 million people will be in the working age group. Due to the increasing proportion of the population in the working age group, the dependency ratio will continue to decrease, and is projected to reach its lowest point D Nayab, ‘Demographic Dividend or Demographic Threat in Pakistan’, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Working Papers, No. 10, 2006 12 25 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth in the 2030s. A lowered dependency ratio has positive implications for economic growth, as there are more working people taking care of fewer people (young and/or old), thus improving the probability of more savings and increased productivity. The dependency ratio is expected to again show an increasing trend by 2050, but this time because of an increase in the old dependency ratio. The demographic changes leading to a lowered dependency ratio are sometimes described as offering the potential of a ‘demographic dividend. ’ The demographic dividend is basically an opportunity provided by the changing age structure when the growth rate of the labour force is higher than the growth rate of the total population. Demography started providing this opportunity to Pakistan in the early 1990s and will continue to do so till 2050, when the two rates will merge. This, however, is just an opportunity, and the dividend has to be earned by the imaginative utilisation of the additional workforce. On the other hand, an increasingly disillusioned younger unemployed cadre can be a time bomb, waiting to explode. After 2050, this ‘window’ is projected to close. In the longer term, ageing of the labour force is another factor to be considered for the longer-term. The number of new entrants/younger workers (15–24 years) would start to stagnate by 2040, while the number of older workers (50–64 years) would continue to increase. Thus, an increasing number of older persons will have to be provided for by a decreasing number of productive workers. Figure 8 Falling Incomes and Rising Unemployment, 2001-09 By 2050, more than 236 million people will be in the working age group, a huge increase from the 110 million in 2010 Rising Unemployment Falling Per Capita Income Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan, various issues Sadly the recent growth history is not encouraging for the youth entering the labour force. Figure 8 shows the falling growth in per capita income and rising unemployment levels. 13 A bulge in the working age groups in coming 40 years will increase the economy-wide potential productive capacity. However, if economic growth is not leveraged on a higher trajectory then the coming demographic changes 13 Moreover, it should also be borne in mind that about 30 per cent of the employed are actually â€Å"unpaid family help,† and thus not part of wage labour. Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth 26 ill imply rising unemployment, shortage of assets, difficulties in competing with neighbouring South Asian countries—which will also be benefiting from younger populations during the same period. 14 Pakistan’s demography, instead of providing a dividend may well prove to be a nightmare. How Fast a Growth of GDP should Pakistan Target? If economic growth is not leveraged on a higher trajectory then the coming demographic changes will imply rising unemployment, shortage of assets and difficulties in competing with neighbouring South Asian countries The discussion earlier had estimated that Pakistan’s GDP needs to grow at an annual average rate in excess of 7 per cent in order to absorb the new additions to the labour force and to start cutting into the ranks of the currently unemployed. The strategy recognises that the country cannot jump immediately to these high rates of growth from the present performance of under 3 per cent per annum. The first order of business will be to get the actual performance of the economy up to its potential rate. It is estimated that, at the present level of investment and institutional functioning, Pakistan’s potential GDP growth rate is of the order of 5–6 per cent a year. Given the right policies and a modicum of good luck, it should not be impossible to get the economy back to a growth rate of between 5–6 per cent in a reasonable time, especially given the extent of unused capacity that exists in the manufacturing sector. The important second step is to develop policies that will allow growth to accelerate beyond the current potential to above 7 per cent. Through a combination of measures and reforms for increasing productivity, improving economic governance and developing physical and regulatory space for entrepreneurial and innovative investments, the growth strategy seeks to achieve this target in the medium term. The most important step is to sustain this growth for a number of years. The growth strategy argues that this can be done through continued improvements in governance, institutional reforms, and focused efforts to augment human capital. This is precisely what fast growing economies have done and is the direction towards which Pakistan must move. 14 NU Haque, ‘Towards Growth Strategy and Economic Reforms’, Presentation at Pakistan Development Forum (PDF), Islamabad, 2010. 27 Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth Rethinking Our Growth Paradigm ‘Ideas shape the course of history’. – John Maynard Keynes It is clear that we must aim to attain a high growth trajectory in an era of severe resource constraints. Through lengthy research effort and a widespread local and global consultation, it has been determined that a fresh approach that places much greater emphasis on the ‘software’ of growth—the manner in which markets, cities and communities are governed and organised—than on the ‘hardware’, which primarily consists of physical investment in brick and mortar. This approach will release the dynamism of entrepreneurship and innovation to accelerate growth considerably in this time of financial constraint. It should be emphasised that the focused public sector investments for infrastructure will continue within the available resource envelope. The growth strategy will only make the process of infrastructure creation and use more efficient, facilitating better utilisation of resources. In this way the infrastructure that is developed will be made meaningful to citizens’ lives. 2 Through a lengthy research effort and a widespread local and global consultation, focus is on a fresh approach that places much greater emphasis on what might be called the â€Å"software† of growth Why is a fresh approach to planning needed? Development planning in Pakistan started in the mid-1950s; growth strategies since then have followed an essentially similar pattern. †¢ †¢ They are characterised by a focus on the arbitrarily set growth and investment rates They provided more or less detailed projections for investment by the public sector with some rather general indications of that by the private sector, even though the latter was described as the major engine of growth They relied on the government playing a lead role through sector picking and market controls †¢ It is perhaps not surprising that the plans had only limited success. Of the nine Plans that have been prepared so far, only th How to cite Pakistan: Framework for Economic Growth, Papers